{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:00:44Z","timestamp":1777906844631,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current VMAT planning workflows for prostate cancer primarily depend on conventional dose\u2013volume criteria specified at discrete dose or volume points. These point\u2010based objectives, however, do not necessarily lead to globally optimal, patient\u2010specific treatment plans. While radiobiological models such as Tumor Control Probability (TCP) and Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) can provide more meaningful, individualized targets, previous implementations have either employed these for plan evaluation or integrated biological objectives without providing a comprehensive set of deliverable trade\u2010off plans. To date, no prescription\u2010free, automated VMAT planning method has been introduced that generates clinically deliverable, patient\u2010specific Pareto fronts that are biologically interpretable and useful for radiobiological trade\u2010off analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to develop and clinically evaluate a fully automated, prescription\u2010free VMAT planning framework for primary prostate cancer that generates Pareto\u2010optimal, clinically deliverable treatment plans in radiobiological objective space, constrained by predefined TCP and NTCP levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The proposed framework was implemented within a commercial treatment planning system (TPS). 17 patients with unfavorable intermediate\u2010risk prostate cancer were retrospectively selected for evaluation. For each patient, TCP and NTCP levels were predefined for three target volumes and seven organs at risk (OARs), restricting the optimization to clinically meaningful regions of the solution space. Plan optimization was performed using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to iteratively adjust VMAT parameters, with the complication\u2010free tumor control probability (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        P\n                        <jats:sub>+<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ) serving as the sole objective function. All resulting, clinically deliverable plans were generated in the TPS and subsequently analyzed in the bi\u2010objective radiobiological space defined by injury probability (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        P\n                        <jats:sub>I<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ) versus one minus the benefit probability (1 \u2212\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        P\n                        <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ). The plan yielding the highest\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        P\n                        <jats:sub>+<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      and the corresponding individualized pseudo\u2010Pareto front were identified for each patient. The proposed method was benchmarked against clinical moderately hypofractionated simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) plans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The proposed prescription\u2010independent planning approach successfully generated individualized pseudo\u2010Pareto fronts for all 17 patients in the radiobiological space of\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        P\n                        <jats:sub>I<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      versus (1 \u2212\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        P\n                        <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ). This enabled clinicians to visualize and interpret trade\u2010offs between tumor control and normal tissue complication risk within the predefined TCP and NTCP levels. For each patient, the plan with highest\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        P\n                        <jats:sub>+<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      achieved superior predicted tumor control and reduced normal tissue toxicity compared to manually optimized clinical plans. The method effectively individualized dose distributions according to patient\u2010specific anatomy and tumor biology, without reliance on fixed dose prescriptions or conventional constraints. All highest\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        P\n                        <jats:sub>+<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment plans fulfilled the clinical dose requirements. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated robustness of the framework with respect to variations in TCP model parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated the feasibility of a fully automated, prescription\u2010free VMAT planning framework for primary prostate cancer, indicating its potential for future clinical implementation. The proposed framework directly optimized treatment plans in radiobiological objective space, producing Pareto\u2010optimal, clinically deliverable solutions using predefined TCP and NTCP levels. It enables patient\u2010specific trade\u2010off analysis taking into account tumor control and normal tissue complication risk. The work provides a foundation for further development, including the incorporation of geometric uncertainties, acceleration through parallel or GPU\u2010based computation, and application to additional tumor sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:03:24Z","timestamp":1773029004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A prescription\u2010free, radiobiology\u2010based framework for automated VMAT planning: A feasibility study in primary prostate cancer radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Dejan","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Physics Department of Radiation Oncology Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon K. 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