{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T22:17:19Z","timestamp":1783117039056,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0026103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0026103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000410034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000410034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In carbon\u2010ion radiotherapy (CIRT), the beam energy determines both the particle range and the overall dosimetric quality. Range\u2010verification QA devices such as Zebra and Giraffe, which are based on multilayer ionization chambers (MLICs), can verify the range but only under dedicated QA conditions, leaving any energy deviations introduced by nozzle components undetected in real time. In particular, nozzle structures such as ridge filters can broaden or modulate the energy spectrum, causing the effective energy delivered to the patient to differ from the nominal accelerator setting. These limitations highlight the need for a real\u2010time method capable of verifying the beam energy under actual clinical operating conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We proposed a TOF\u2010based beam\u2010energy measurement concept that leverages a cross\u2010correlation analysis of full detector waveforms. Compact and radiation\u2010hard parallel\u2010plate chambers (PPCs) were developed and evaluated, in contrast to prior TOF systems based on semiconductor detectors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PPCs (2.5\u00a0cm diameter active area, 0.4\u00a0mm gas gap) were operated in CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Two detectors were mounted coaxially with detector separations of 22.5 and 46.3\u00a0cm. Experiments were performed at Yonsei Heavy\u2010ion Therapy Center (HITC) using four nominal energies (102.6, 140.4, 250.3, 430\u00a0MeV\/nucleon) and three intensities, covering the clinically interesting ranges. Signals were digitized with a 1\u00a0GHz bandwidth oscilloscope. For each spill, paired waveforms were cross\u2010correlated, and peak times were refined by parabolic interpolation to determine TOF. Precision and accuracy were evaluated across energies, intensities, and detector separations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PPCs operated stably for all beam conditions. Under pencil\u2010beam delivery and normalized to 1 s acquisitions, the timing precision of the mean TOF (standard error) remained within 1\u00a0ps for both detector separations, scaling with  (N: number of TOF samples per acquisition) and not representing the single\u2010particle TOF resolution. Residuals between measured and theoretical TOF remained within 80\u00a0ps across energies and distances. After relativistic conversion from TOF to kinetic energy and then to water\u2010equivalent range, all deviations were within a 1\u00a0mm range shift, meeting the recommended clinical criteria for range verification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We demonstrated that compact CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010filled PPCs, operated as a TOF pair, can measure carbon\u2010ion beam energy across the clinically relevant range of energies (\u2248100\u2013430 MeV\/u) and intensities used in routine treatment delivery. We achieved sub\u2010picosecond timing precision on the TOF mean (standard error) per 1 s acquisition and submillimeter water\u2010equivalent range accuracy using a robust cross\u2010correlation analysis method. These results open the way to the integration of PPC\u2010based TOF monitoring to tighten beam\u2010delivery tolerances and improve the reliability and safety of carbon\u2010ion radiotherapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T13:43:57Z","timestamp":1774791837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real\u2010time energy measurement of clinical carbon ion beams using a cross\u2010correlation time\u2010of\u2010flight method with parallel\u2010plate chambers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Na Hye","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Woon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soorim","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongdo","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Cheol","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae\u2010Seon","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woong Sub","family":"Koom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Oncosoft Inc.  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