{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:07:01Z","timestamp":1789492021778,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\u20102023 GI 11220200100925CO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\u20102023 GI 11220200100925CO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\u201001047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\u201001047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The absorbed dose in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) arises from various radiation components, each contributing differently to the overall biological effect. These effects depend not only on the absorbed dose but also on the type and energy of the involved secondary charged particles. Current dosimetric models convert absorbed dose into an equivalent photon dose using radiation\u2010specific weighting factors that account for some differences in radiation type. However, these models generally neglect the energy dependence of biological\u00a0effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the relevance of incorporating the energy dependence of secondary charged particles into BNCT dosimetry, and to assess its impact on dose calculations and clinical outcome\u00a0estimations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The photon isoeffective dose formalism was extended by reformulating the mathematical model for  in terms of the secondary particle fields rather than dose components in BNCT. Tissue\u2010specific radiobiological (RB) parameters  and  were introduced as functions of Linear Energy Transfer (LET), as predicted by the BIANCA biophysical model for normal skin and head and neck tumor tissues. Recoil proton spectra were analyzed at superficial and deep locations in tissues to evaluate their effectiveness relative to 583\u00a0keV protons from the (n,p) reaction. Four approaches to , with varying levels of detail regarding energy and radiation fields representation, were evaluated across three scenarios. The analysis moved from a simplified geometry using a cylindrical phantom irradiated with epithermal neutrons, to progressively more realistic clinical scenarios, including a head and neck cancer treatment planning case and a retrospective study of a cutaneous melanoma case treated with BNCT at the RA\u20106 reactor in\u00a0Argentina.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recoil protons were found to have lower  than 583\u00a0keV protons from (n,p) reactions, indicating that assuming equal effectiveness leads to overestimated doses in photon\u2010equivalent units. In the phantom, detailed LET\u2010based modeling proved essential in low\u2010to\u2010moderate boron concentration or superficial tissue scenarios, where simplified models showed deviations up to 30%. In contrast, boron\u2010rich or deep tissue conditions tolerated simplifications with minimal loss of accuracy. In the head and neck case, simplified models led to skin overdoses up to 13%, increasing NTCP from negligible () to high values (), thus raising the potential radiotoxicity risk. An apparent gain in TCP resulted from overestimating the required treatment time due to oversimplified modeling. In the retrospective melanoma case irradiated with the RA\u20106 mixed thermal\u2010epithermal beam, simplified models underestimated the skin dose by 8% to 12%, potentially compromising dose\u2013response\u00a0interpretations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beyond treatment planning, accurate dose modeling is also key for outcome assessment and meaningful comparisons with photon radiotherapy. Incorporating detailed LET\u2010dependent RB modeling is especially important in scenarios involving low\u2010to\u2010moderate boron concentration levels or superficial tissues, where recoil protons dominate the dose composition. In contrast, simplified models may be acceptable in boron\u2010rich, high\u2010LET contexts, particularly when constrained by limited radiobiological data or computational resources. These findings support the development of a flexible photon isoeffective dose formalism that can evolve alongside advances in BNCT technologies and RB\u00a0data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T02:38:42Z","timestamp":1778467122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An extended photon isoeffective dose model accounting for the energy\u2010dependent effectiveness of secondary charged particles in BNCT"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Ana Mail\u00e9n","family":"Dattoli Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Physics and Radiation Biophysics Group (COMPHYAR), BNCT Department Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Energ\u00eda At\u00f3mica (CNEA) CABA Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET) CABA Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Universidad Nacional de San Mart\u00edn (UNSAM) San Mart\u00edn Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Gossio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Physics and Radiation Biophysics Group (COMPHYAR), BNCT Department Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Energ\u00eda At\u00f3mica (CNEA) CABA Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Riback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Physics and Radiation Biophysics Group (COMPHYAR), BNCT Department Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Energ\u00eda At\u00f3mica (CNEA) CABA Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET) CABA Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Universidad Nacional de San Mart\u00edn (UNSAM) San Mart\u00edn Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucrecia Mariel","family":"Valeriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Physics and Radiation Biophysics Group (COMPHYAR), BNCT Department Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Energ\u00eda At\u00f3mica (CNEA) CABA Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Universidad Nacional de San Mart\u00edn (UNSAM) San Mart\u00edn Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Department of Physics University of Pavia (UniPv) Pavia Lombardia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Santa","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Physics and Radiation Biophysics Group (COMPHYAR), BNCT Department Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Energ\u00eda At\u00f3mica (CNEA) CABA Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Protontherapy Department Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Energ\u00eda At\u00f3mica (CNEA) CABA Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Casali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Pavia (UniPv) Pavia Lombardia Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) Unit of Pavia Pavia Lombardia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Pietro","family":"Carante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Pavia (UniPv) Pavia Lombardia Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) Unit of Pavia Pavia Lombardia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ballarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Pavia (UniPv) Pavia Lombardia Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) Unit of Pavia Pavia Lombardia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setareh","family":"Fatemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) Unit of Pavia Pavia Lombardia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Postuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) Unit of Pavia Pavia Lombardia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Vercesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) Unit of Pavia Pavia Lombardia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silva","family":"Bortolussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Pavia (UniPv) Pavia Lombardia Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) Unit of Pavia Pavia Lombardia 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