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The implementation of regional voxels (r.v.), estimating mean activity concentrations in regions directly from projections, offers a promising alternative for the geometry\u2010specification to reduce PVEs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aims to demonstrate that activity\u2010concentration estimation with r.v. is superior to reconstruction with cuboid voxels (cu.v.) with post\u2010reconstruction partial\u2010volume correction (PVC) for estimation of activity concentration in\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu\u2010PRRT).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data originated from one patient administered [\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu]Lu\u2010DOTA\u2010TOC with SPECT acquired at 1 d, 4 d and 7 d p.i. stored in list\u2010mode format (dataset PA), and eight patients given [\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu]Lu\u2010DOTA\u2010TATE with SPECT acquired 1 d p.i. (dataset PB). Activity concentration was estimated from reconstruction with cu.v. and using r.v. for both datasets, with multiple noise realizations for PA using bootstrapping. Organ delineation was performed based on CT using the AI tool TotalSegmentator, and tumor delineation made in cu.v. SPECT images. The estimated activity concentration for kidneys, spleen, and tumors from r.v. was compared to that obtained with cu.v. with and without post\u2010reconstruction PVC. To study the accuracy of activity\u2010concentration estimates, simulations were performed with the SIMIND Monte Carlo program with patient images used as basis. The sensitivity to misalignments between SPECT and CT was also evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For both patient and simulated data, activity concentrations estimated with r.v. are higher than those from cu.v., with comparable standard deviations. Mean relative errors for simulated images from PA relative to simulation input at 1\u00a0d p.i. reconstructions with r.v. are (\u22124.6\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.4) %, (3.0\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.5)\u00a0%, (0.1\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.5) %, and (5.6\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.2) % for tumor, left kidney, right kidney, and spleen, respectively. Corresponding results for cu.v. with post\u2010reconstruction PVC are (\u221212.3\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      2.2) %, (\u20104.2\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.6) %, (\u22127.0\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.5) %, and (\u20102.1\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.1)\u00a0%. For simulated images based on PB, the mean relative errors obtained for r.v. are (\u22123.1\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      3.5) %, (1.2\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.2) %, (\u22121.7\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.1) %, and (2.3\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.8) %, while for cu.v. with PVC they are (\u22127.9\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      6.7) %, (\u20105.8\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.9) %, (\u22129.0\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.0) %, and (\u20100.7\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      2.6) %.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Regional voxels are superior to cu.v. for estimation of the activity concentration in organs in\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu\u2010PRRT and demonstrates lower sensitivity to misregistration errors. For tumors, r.v. yields lower systematic errors than cu.v. but demonstrates a higher sensitivity to image segmentation errors for volumes below approximately 10\u00a0mL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T04:26:47Z","timestamp":1775449607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Direct estimation of activity concentration in regional voxels with application to\n                    <sup>177<\/sup>\n                    Lu peptide receptor radionuclide therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Radiation Physics, Lund, Lund University Lund 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