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However, due to a need for accurate modeling of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE), currently available treatment planning systems (TPS) for CIRT remain limited. This has constrained clinical and research applications by compelling reliance on a narrow set of systems and restricting flexibility for broader application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop and validate a new efficient and accurate CIRT TPS for pencil\u2010beam scanning (PBS)\u2010based CIRT, tailored for the Heavy\u2010Ion Therapy Center (HITC) at Yonsei Cancer Center (YCC), incorporating modified microdosimetric kinetic model (mMKM)\u2010based RBE\u2010weighted dose calculation and spot weight optimization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed TPS was designed to automate the workflow from CT image import to CIRT plan optimization. Key refinements included 3D Siddon's ray tracing for spot trajectory tracking, air\u2010gap modeling for beam profile adaptation, and 3D stopping power ratio (SPR) calculation. Gaussian beam modeling was performed to calibrate in\u2010air measurements and Monte Carlo (MC)\u2010driven 3D dose kernels in water. These procedures produced dose influence matrices (DIMs) and MC\u2010estimated  matrices required for spot weight optimization with mMKM\u2010based RBE\u2010weighted dose calculation, which was further accelerated by Adam optimizer. Validation was performed by generating plans for a water phantom (10\u00a0Gy\u2010RBE), a lung case (15\u00a0Gy\u2010RBE), and a prostate case (4.3\u00a0Gy\u2010RBE), using single\u2010field and multi\u2010field optimizations (MFO). The resulting plans were recalculated in RayStation (v.2025) and TOPAS MC, and compared using dose\u2013volume histogram (DVH) and gamma passing rate (GPR) at 2%\/2\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed TPS successfully automated the CIRT plan optimization within approximately 1 min for \u223c1000 spots, which produced uniform RBE\u2010weighted dose coverage in virtual water phantom, the lung patient, and the prostate patient cases. When the spot weights optimized by the proposed framework were recalculated using a commercial TPS and TOPAS MC, the resulting dose distributions closely matched those of the proposed TPS. Quantitatively, GPRs exceeding 98% were achieved for both physical and RBE\u2010weighted dose at the 2%\/2\u00a0mm criterion, except for the prostate single\u2010field case, which yielded a GPR of 97.37% for the physical dose, relative to TOPAS MC, and a GPR of 96.28% for the RBE\u2010weighted dose, relative to RayStation. These findings confirmed strong agreement between the proposed TPS, MC simulations, and a commercial TPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A new, fully automated in\u2010house CIRT TPS was developed and validated, demonstrating high dosimetric accuracy and computational efficiency, even comparable to a commercial TPS and MC simulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:13:04Z","timestamp":1777435984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of an automated, accurate in\u2010house treatment planning system for pencil\u2010beam scanning carbon ion 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