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However, PCDs are difficult to manufacture. Next\u2010generation EIDs using conventional scintillator sensors could be easier to mass produce, but their spatial resolution is thought to be limited by fill factor considerations. Specifically, each EID pixel comprises a block of scintillator surrounded by inactive, optically reflective septa. The minimum width of optically reflective septa is \u223c0.1\u00a0mm, and unless this is shrunk, decreases in pixel pitch inevitably cause an increasing fraction of dead space.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To propose a modified system geometry in which the detector pixels are tilted by a few degrees, such that rays that are incident on reflective septa would later encounter scintillator. Because reflective septa are nearly transparent to x\u2010rays compared to scintillator, this geometry restores much of the lost fill factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tilting can be achieved in several different ways. We discuss three implementation options: individual detector modules may be tilted, with gaps between modules that are seamless from the perspective of the x\u2010ray source; the whole detector can be arranged to point towards a \u201cfalse\u201d focal spot that is offset slightly from the true focal spot; the scintillator wafer can structured differently, e.g. by sawing it at an angle. The pros and cons of each option are discussed. Tilting introduces blurring, but a smaller pixel size improves resolution, and the combination of both improves both resolution and fill factor. We used Monte Carlo simulations to compare a conventional detector with 1.0\u00a0mm, 0.75, or 0.5\u00a0mm pixel pitch to a tilted detector with 0.5\u00a0mm pixel pitch. We assumed negligible optical crosstalk and electronic noise, that the scintillator was 1.5\u00a0mm thick with attenuation similar to gadolinium oxysulfide, that the reflective septa was 0.1\u00a0mm wide at standard resolution or 0.08\u00a0mm at higher resolutions and composed of a low\u2010attenuating polymer similar to acrylic infused with 20% titanium content. We also compared this to a simple model of a CdTe detector with 1.6\u00a0mm thickness, 0.3\u00a0mm pixel pitch, and Gaussian charge sharing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tilt increases the aperture of the pixel in an energy\u2010dependent fashion. With a 1D ASG (85% fill factor) and at 120 kVp, the detection efficiencies (DQE(0)) of a conventional detector at 1.0\u00a0mm, conventional detector at 0.5\u00a0mm pixel pitch, CdTe detector, and tilted detector at 0.5\u00a0mm pixel pitch are 65%, 55%, 66%, and 64%, respectively. With a sparse 2D ASG (1.5\u00a0\u00d7\u00a03.0\u00a0mm openings, 86% fill factor), the DQE(0) of a tilted detector with 0.75\u00a0mm is 69%. The DQE(0) of all detectors decreases at higher energy because of punch\u2010through.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By tilting detector modules a few degrees, energy\u2010integrating detectors can provide increases in spatial resolution without the expected losses in fill factor. This architecture could bring the resolution improvements associated with photon counting CT into the domain of energy\u2010integrating detectors equipped with conventional scintillator sensors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T20:18:53Z","timestamp":1778962733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design of a next\u2010generation conventional scintillator x\u2010ray detector: Improved spatial resolution and fill factor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Scott S.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4820371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018172656"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2020.3020212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.240662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/acebb3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212579"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/55\/7\/014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016160890"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000614"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2021210102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010023\u201009616\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/58\/5\/1433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.8.5.052109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40134\u2010012\u20100006\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LuhtaR ChappoM HarwoodB MattsonR SalkD VrettosC editors.A new 2D\u2010tiled detector for multislice CT. 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