{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T20:32:04Z","timestamp":1786393924101,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motion of individuals carrying active implantable medical devices (AIMDs), such as pacemakers (PMs) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), within the spatially varying static magnetic field in and around magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems can induce electromotive forces (EMFs) in conductive leads. This mechanism is not explicitly addressed in standard MRI safety assessments. This study presents a measurement\u2010based computational framework to estimate motion\u2010induced EMF under representative exposure conditions relevant to clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Measured maps of the static magnetic field components (\n                      <jats:italic>Bx<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bz<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in the fringe region of 3 and 7 T MRI systems were interpolated on regular grids. Spatial gradients were derived and used to compute motion\u2010induced EMF in an equivalent conductive loop representing a PM\/ICD lead configuration. Three motion types were considered: linear motion along the scanner axis (\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), linear motion transverse to the bore (\n                      <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and in\u2010place rotation of the loop. EMF was calculated using Faraday's law, assuming a loop area of 0.0225\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , a reference linear velocity of 1\u00a0m\/s, and an angular velocity of 1\u00a0rad\/s. Spatial EMF distributions and time\u2010dependent waveforms were obtained for each motion scenario.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Induced EMF varied significantly with motion direction and spatial location. For linear motion, the highest values were observed near the bore entrance, where strong spatial field variations occur. At 3 T, maximum EMF reached 160\u00a0mV (\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010motion) and 114\u00a0mV (\n                      <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010motion), while at 7 T the corresponding values were 81 and 104\u00a0mV for the analyzed trajectories. Rotational motion produced lower and more localized EMF values, with maxima of 30\u00a0mV (3 T) and 35\u00a0mV (7 T). Despite the higher nominal field strength, the 7 T system did not consistently yield higher EMF, reflecting differences in spatial field gradients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motion\u2010induced EMF in MRI fringe fields depends on local spatial field gradients and motion characteristics rather than nominal field strength alone. The proposed measurement\u2010based framework provides spatially resolved, scenario\u2010specific estimates of EMF and can be applied to different MRI systems given appropriate field maps. This approach complements existing safety assessments by addressing motion\u2010related exposure conditions not explicitly covered in standard evaluations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T17:31:14Z","timestamp":1784223074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trajectory\u2010specific motion\u2010induced electromotive force assessment of pacemaker\u2010carrying workers in MRI environments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Hartwig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Acri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e Delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Messina  Messina Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Calcagnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine\u2010metabolic Diseases and Ageing ISS \u2013 Italian National Institute of Health  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Vivarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Artificial Intelligence and Innovative Health Technologies ISS \u2013 Italian National Institute of Health  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosaria","family":"Falsaperla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL)  Monteporzio Catone (Rome) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Mattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine\u2010metabolic Diseases and Ageing ISS \u2013 Italian National Institute of Health  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11100313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2022.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.70012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union.Directive 2013\/35\/EC on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields).Off J Eur Union.2013;L179:1\u201021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC 60601\u20102\u201033:2022. Medical electrical equipment \u2013 Part 2\u201033: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of magnetic resonance equipment for medical diagnosis. Geneva: IEC;2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 14708\u20101:2014. Active implantable medical devices\u2014Part 1: General requirements for safety marking and for information to be provided by the manufacturer. Geneva: ISO;2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"ASTM International. ASTM F2503\u201013 Standard practice for marking medical devices and other items for safety in the magnetic resonance environment. West Conshohocken PA: ASTM International;2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"ASTM International. ASTM F2119\u201007(2013) Standard test method for evaluation of MR image artifacts from passive implants. West Conshohocken PA: ASTM International;2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"ASTM International. ASTM F2213\u201006(2011) Standard test method for measurement of magnetically induced torque on medical devices in the magnetic resonance environment. West Conshohocken PA: ASTM International;2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e31829e5580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000343164.27920.4a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181f06c86"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"European Commission.Non\u2010Binding Guide to Good Practice for Implementing Directive 2013\/35\/EC Volume 2: Case Studies.2015.http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/Topics\/Radiation\/UnderstandingRadiation\/UnderstandingRadiationTopics\/ElectromagneticFields\/RadioWaves\/WiFi\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). 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