{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T20:32:03Z","timestamp":1786393923365,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In precise imaging techniques such as dynamic imaging with radiopharmaceuticals, achieving a high\u2010concentration bolus in target sites is crucial. However, dilution within infusion tubing severely compromises bolus integrity. Although pulsed flushing is clinically used to clear intravenous tubing, its efficacy in mitigating radiopharmaceutical dilution and the optimal protocol parameters remain insufficiently elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study employed a theoretical analysis of dilution mechanisms and utilized computational fluid dynamics simulations to compare the efficacy of pulsed flushing with different volumes and frequencies, verifying its feasibility. Subsequently, in vivo rat pharmacokinetic experiments were performed to systematically assess the pulsed flushing strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Theoretical and computational fluid dynamics analyses indicate that while higher continuous flow rates shorten injection time, it exacerbates the \u201ctailing\u201d phenomenon caused by parabolic flow patterns. In contrast, a high frequency, small\u2010volume pulsed flushing strategy generates a greater number of vortices at abrupt cross\u2010section changes in the tubing during injection pauses, effectively clearing residual drug and thereby significantly suppressing axial dispersion of the bolus. Compared to continuous flushing, pulsed flushing demonstrates superior performance in reducing the final residual rate and controlling tailing. In vivo experiments in rats further confirmed that, compared to manual operation, the automated pulsed flushing strategy produces boluses with better morphology during the initial injection phase, exhibits greater consistency both between and within individuals, and leaves no radioactive residue at the puncture site.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High frequency, small\u2010volume pulsed flushing is an effective strategy for clearing dead space and suppressing the tubing dilution effect through vortex induction, outperforming traditional manual and continuous automatic injection. Appropriate selection of pulse bolus volume parameters is the core solution for overcoming the dilution challenge in automatic bolus injection and for improving injection consistency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T17:24:22Z","timestamp":1784222662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of flushing strategies to minimize dilution of high\u2010concentration radiopharmaceuticals in intravenous tubing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Integrated Design and On\u2010line Monitoring for Light Industry &amp; Food Machinery and Equipment, College of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin University of Science &amp; Technology  Tianjin People's Republic of 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Hospital Tianjin University  Tianjin People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Hospital Tianjin University  Tianjin People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Integrated Design and On\u2010line Monitoring for Light Industry &amp; Food Machinery and Equipment, College of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin University of Science &amp; Technology  Tianjin People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qitao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Hospital Tianjin University  Tianjin People's Republic of 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