{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:19:16Z","timestamp":1788272356782,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA016672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA016672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24 CA180803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24 CA180803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007313","name":"University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007313","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are widely used for proton therapy dosimetry and remote audits. Yet their response under pulsed delivery and the ultrahigh dose rates relevant to proton FLASH remains incompletely characterized. In proton beams, apparent dose\u2010rate effects can be masked by changes in linear energy transfer (LET), so we designed measurements to separate true dose\u2010rate dependence from LET\u2010driven changes in TLD sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize TLD\u2010100 (LiF:Mg,Ti) detector response to synchrotron\u2010based proton beams across in\u2010pulse dose rates spanning approximately 0.1 to 2000\u00a0Gy\/s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TLD\u2010100 powder capsules were irradiated in the entrance region of 87.2 MeV protons using two Hitachi ProBeat synchrotron beamlines: a clinical spot\u2010scanning beamline (0.3\u00a0Gy\/s in\u2010pulse) and an experimental beamline (approximately 0.1\u20132000\u00a0Gy\/s). Three dose levels (3, 9, and 18\u00a0Gy) were evaluated across three experimental sessions. Expected doses to TLDs were calculated using benchmarked Geant4 Monte Carlo models. In\u2010pulse dose rates were determined from dose per pulse divided by pulse duration. Pulse duration was measured using an oscilloscope for all dose rates. For dose rates \u2264375\u00a0Gy\/s, dose per pulse was measured using an Advanced Markus ion chamber (P\n                      <jats:sub>ion<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.003, \u226599% saturation). For dose rates exceeding the chamber's range, dose per pulse was calculated using Geant4. TLD response was defined as measured\u2010to\u2010expected dose ratio. Positioning at the entrance region isolated dose\u2010rate effects from LET\u2010dependent variations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TLD response demonstrated systematic in\u2010pulse dose\u2010rate dependence with three distinct regions. At in\u2010pulse dose rates below 7\u00a0Gy\/s, TLDs exhibited 1%\u20137% over\u2010response attributed to efficient charge carrier trapping. Near\u2010unity response (0%\u20135%) was observed between 7\u2013300\u00a0Gy\/s, representing balanced trapping and recombination. Above 300\u00a0Gy\/s, TLDs showed 1%\u20137% under\u2010response due to enhanced electron\u2010hole recombination. Two\u2010way ANOVA confirmed in\u2010pulse dose rate as the dominant factor (82.9% of variance,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), while dose had minimal effect (2.3% of variance). One\u2010way ANOVA with \u0160\u00edd\u00e1k's test showed no significant difference among dose levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05), confirming dose independence across 3\u201318\u00a0Gy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TLD\u2010100 response to synchrotron\u2010based protons is dose\u2010independent across 3\u201318\u00a0Gy but follows a characteristic in\u2010pulse dose\u2010rate profile governed by charge carrier dynamics: over\u2010response between 0.1\u20137\u00a0Gy\/s, nearly unity between 7\u2013300\u00a0Gy\/s, and under\u2010response between 300\u20132000\u00a0Gy\/s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T16:20:35Z","timestamp":1785342035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lighting up FLASH and beyond: TLD response across four orders of magnitude in proton dose rate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Fada","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Sciences The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas 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