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Clinical implementation of MRPT requires an efficient and accurate dose calculation engine capable of accounting for the heterogeneous magnetic field effects on proton\u00a0beams.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed a GPU\u2010based proton and ion dose engine (gPRIDE) for fast and accurate dose calculations in MRPT under realistic clinical\u00a0configurations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To account for magnetic focusing effects, a novel beam profile correction method was developed. Computational efficiency was enhanced through a region\u2010of\u2010interest\u2010based dose calculation, a linear approximation in ray tracing, and hybrid pencil\u2010beam\u2010 and voxel\u2010level GPU parallelization. Three\u2010dimensional magnetic field maps with varying magnetic field strengths were used for validation. gPRIDE was validated against Monte Carlo simulations in a water phantom and four patient cases (prostate, liver, lung, and brain) under two beam orientations: beams parallel and perpendicular to the main magnetic\u00a0field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>gPRIDE achieved gamma passing rates exceeding 99% under the 2\u00a0%\/2\u00a0mm criterion for all cases except the lung case, where pronounced anatomical heterogeneity posed challenges to analytical modeling. Despite this, gPRIDE still achieved a gamma passing rate 95% under the 3\u00a0%\/3\u00a0mm criterion. Wall\u2010clock time per treatment plan ranged from 2.7\u00a0s to 13.7\u00a0s on an NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060\u00a0GPU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>gPRIDE enables fast and accurate dose computations under realistic three\u2010dimensional magnetic field maps and supports both beam orientations relative to the main magnetic field. The combination of computational efficiency, accuracy, and versatility facilitates its integration into clinical MRPT\u00a0workflows.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:35:27Z","timestamp":1784698527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a GPU\u2010based dose calculation engine for MRI\u2010guided proton therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Applied Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Applied Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"},{"name":"Hefei Ion Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Applied Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haonian","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Applied Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Applied Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao\u2010Ming","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Ion Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"},{"name":"Ion Medical Research Institute University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Applied Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"},{"name":"Ion Medical Research Institute University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abcd16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab436a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15398"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-020-01571-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/20\/003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4916661"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4897570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13883"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/17\/N329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GreenOL HenkeLE HugoGD.Practical clinical workflows for online and offline adaptive radiation therapy. 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