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Penile Doppler ultrasound is a manual examination and subject to substantial inter\u2010observer variability in both acquisition and interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and optimize a Ferumoxytol\u2010enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) protocol for noninvasive, high\u2010resolution imaging of prostatic and penile vasculature, and to design and implement study\u2010specific physical and in silico phantoms for quantitative evaluation under controlled line pair, anatomically realistic, and physiological conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Imaging was performed on a 1.5 T MRI scanner using T1\u2010weighted TurboFLASH and T2\u2010weighted turbo spin echo sequences using Ferumoxytol doses of 1\u20134\u00a0mg\/kg. Line pair phantoms containing tubes with 0.5\u20106\u00a0mm inner diameter and 0.5\u20105\u00a0mm spacing were constructed to span the size range of prostatic and penile arteries. An anatomically derived anthropomorphic phantom was fabricated by segmenting penile vasculature from a patient CT angiogram, 3D\u2010printing the resulting geometry, and embedding Ferumoxytol\u2010loaded tubing to reproduce realistic vessel tortuosity. Protocol performance was assessed using signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (SNR), contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (CNR), and modulation transfer function metrics (MTF50 and MTF10). Numerical simulations were also performed to evaluate sequence behavior under flow conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TurboFLASH was selected over TSE because Ferumoxytol\u2010induced T1 shortening provided superior vessel conspicuity. Vessels larger than 1\u00a0mm were clearly visualized at all dose levels, with 2\u00a0mg\/kg identified as the optimal dose. MTF50 indicated a nominal resolution of approximately 3\u00a0mm in both phantoms. MTF10 indicated effective resolutions of approximately 2\u00a0mm in the line pair phantom and 1\u00a0mm in the anthropomorphic phantom. Simulations demonstrated preserved contrast enhancement at a flow velocity of 100\u00a0mm\/s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ferumoxytol\u2010enhanced MRA shows promise for visualizing major prostatic and penile vessels relevant to ED diagnosis and management, including the accessory pudendal and internal pudendal arteries. Further anthropomorphic phantom refinement and in vivo patient studies are warranted to evaluate broader anatomic variability and clinical feasibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:51:29Z","timestamp":1784703089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In\u2010Depth optimization and characterization of prostatic and penile vessel imaging with Ferumoxytol\u2010enhanced magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Darren","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdisciplinary Program University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"McWIlliams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology The Lundquist Institute at Harbor\u2010UCLA Medical Center  Torrance California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Maziero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdisciplinary Program University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke S.","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdisciplinary Program University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar U.","family":"Kishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdisciplinary Program University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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