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Conventionally, DE images are generated by weighted subtraction of sequentially acquired low\u2010energy (LE) and high\u2010energy (HE) images, which are prone to motion artifacts caused by patient movement between exposures. A direct\u2010indirect dual\u2010layer flat\u2010panel detector (DI\u2010DLFPD) based imaging system, incorporating a silver (Ag) K\u2010edge filter at the x\u2010ray source, has recently been proposed to acquire LE and HE images simultaneously to eliminate motion artifacts. The DI\u2010DLFPD uses a direct amorphous selenium (a\u2010Se) front\u2010layer (FL) detector for LE acquisition, and an indirect cesium iodide (CsI) back\u2010layer (BL) detector for HE acquisition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop a theoretical model to optimize a DI\u2010DLFPD based imaging system for maximizing image quality and lesion detectability in CE breast imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Established models for the x\u2010ray spectrum and a\u2010Se detector response are adopted, while the model for the CsI detector is extended to incorporate depth\u2010independent optical blur variability. These optical properties are empirically characterized from measured spatial\u2010frequency\u2010dependent detector performance of CsI samples with varying thicknesses. The x\u2010ray spectrum, a\u2010Se FL, and CsI BL models are then cascaded to construct a comprehensive model of the DI\u2010DLFPD based imaging system. Measurements from two fabricated DI\u2010DLFPD prototypes with different CsI BL thicknesses are used to validate the model calculations. For CE breast imaging, modulation transfer function matching and weighted subtraction are incorporated. The imaging task involves detecting a cylindrical iodinated lesion (2\u00a0mm diameter and height, 1\u00a0mg\/mL iodine concentration) embedded in 4 and 6\u00a0cm thick breasts with 50% glandularity. The impact of component thicknesses on energy separation, absolute iodine contrast, and detectability index (\n                      <jats:italic>d\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is systematically evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Incorporation of depth\u2010independent optical blur variability improved the accuracy of predicting spatial\u2010frequency\u2010dependent CsI detector performance across different thicknesses. DI\u2010DLFPD model calculations agreed well with prototype measurements, confirming the validity of the developed model. Energy separation increased with both Ag K\u2010edge filter and a\u2010Se FL thickness. Iodine contrast was primarily determined by the relative position of the BL HE average to the iodine K\u2010edge, rather than by energy separation alone. The main limiting factor for\n                      <jats:italic>d\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n                      was noise in the BL HE and DE images. The optimal configuration comprises a 100\u00a0\u00b5m Ag filter, 200\u00a0\u00b5m a\u2010Se FL, and 400\u00a0\u00b5m CsI BL. It provided\n                      <jats:italic>d\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n                      greater than 3 for the iodinated object in both breasts at typical clinical dose levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developed dual\u2010layer detector model accurately predicts the imaging performance of DI\u2010DLFPD systems comprising a\u2010Se and CsI detectors. The model reveals optimal system design parameters for a CE breast imaging task; the optimized configuration demonstrates performance comparable to current clinical mammography systems, but additionally offers spectral breast imaging that is free from motion artifacts. The modeling framework developed in this work may be extended to other CsI\u2010based detectors and multilayer systems for a wide range of imaging applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:21:45Z","timestamp":1785169305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Theoretical modeling and performance analysis of a direct\u2010indirect dual\u2010layer flat\u2010panel detector for contrast\u2010enhanced breast imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Xiangyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stony Brook Medicine  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Howansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stony Brook 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