{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:19:09Z","timestamp":1788272349933,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01CA250972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01CA250972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Autoradiography provides microscale mapping of radionuclide distributions, offering a promising approach to complement nuclear medicine imaging for small\u2010scale radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) research. However, while quantitative protocols for \u03b1\u2010emitters are well\u2010established, comparable methods for \u03b2\u2010emitters, such as the widely used theranostic radionuclide\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu, remain underdeveloped. Bridging this gap is essential for correlating microscopic dose deposition with biological outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The objective of this study was to characterize and calibrate the ionizing\u2010radiation Quantum Imaging Detector (iQID) digital autoradiography system specifically for\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu. The work aimed to establish a validated methodology for converting raw count rates into absolute activity and to benchmark the system's quantitative accuracy against standard preclinical \u00b5SPECT\/CT imaging.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The iQID system response was evaluated for key performance metrics, including spatial resolution, detection efficiency, background and minimum detectable activity, and depth dependence. Experimental characterization data were compared with Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations to verify the accuracy of radiation transport modeling. To establish a linearity profile, count rates were measured across an activity range of 0\u2013300\u00a0Bq. Finally, cross\u2010modality benchmarking was performed using a custom stacked multi\u2010layer virtual water phantom to directly compare iQID performance with a calibrated preclinical \u00b5SPECT\/CT system in a realistic measurement scenario.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The iQID system exhibited a high linear response (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.99) across the tested activity range. The effective spatial resolution for\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu was determined to be around 43\u00a0\u00b5m. In the cross\u2010modality comparison, the iQID system achieved a total activity estimate of (0.194\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.022) MBq, agreeing within 2% of the dispensed reference activity (0.197\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.015) MBq. Crucially, the iQID system demonstrated superior quantitative accuracy for small\u2010scale features (0.8\u20132.5\u00a0mm diameters), successfully resolving activity concentrations in regions where \u00b5SPECT\/CT performance was severely limited by partial volume effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study establishes a validated framework for quantitative\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu digital autoradiography. By resolving microscopic activity distributions that are imperceptible to macroscopic imaging, the iQID system provides the necessary resolution for accurate\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      activity quantification. This work lays the groundwork for detailed characterization of radiopharmaceutical biodistribution, enabling more precise correlations between localized uptake and tissue microenvironment features.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:01:17Z","timestamp":1784700077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization and calibration of the iQID digital autoradiography system for direct quantitative imaging of beta\u2010emitters in tissue samples"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Ohyun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"Jollota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adedamola O.","family":"Adeniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin J.","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Oncology School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Wehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malick","family":"Bio Idrissou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Aluicio\u2010Sarduy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Imaging The University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis E.","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg, MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinier","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Oncology School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry A.","family":"DeWerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan P.","family":"Bednarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Oncology School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248\u2010009\u20109158\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470921920.edm103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on the distribution and fate of S35\u2010labelled benzylpenicillin in the body","volume":"118","author":"Ullberg S","year":"1954","journal-title":"Acta Radiol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"LuckeyGW inventor; Eastman Kodak Company assignee. Apparatus and method for producing images corresponding to patterns of high energy radiation. US patent 3 859 527. January 7 \u00a01975."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Autoradiography: a review of basic principles","volume":"15","author":"Hahn EJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Lab"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1056\u20108719(02)00162\u20104"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"The importance of radiochemical analysis of biological fluids before and after lyophilization from animals dosed with [\u00b3H]\u2010labeled compounds in drug discovery","volume":"7","author":"Kim H","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Pharm Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"396","article-title":"Radioautography; some physical and radiobiological aspects of the technique as applied to thin specimens","volume":"59","author":"Marinelli LD","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2018.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14736691211060117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.077578"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172\u2010025\u201000426\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4921997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.162388"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.266571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201022664\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201070417\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201009277\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2014.05.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0026\u20101394\/60\/1A\/06021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nds.2019.100514"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4737096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168\u20109002(03)01368\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2006.869826"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2016.06.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2018.08.084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60259a007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"ZerkinV NathaniKN VerpelliM VrapcenjakL.LiveChart of nuclides \u2010 advanced version. International Atomic Energy Agency. Updated 2014. Accessed December 23 2025.http:\/\/www.iaea.org\/resources\/databases\/livechart\u2010of\u2010nuclides\u2010advanced\u2010version"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","unstructured":"BergerMJ CourseyJS ZuckerMA ChangJ.ESTAR PSTAR and ASTAR: computer programs for calculating stopping\u2010power and range tables for electrons protons and helium ions. Version 1.2.3. National Institute of Standards and Technology; 2005. Updated July 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"Mirion Technologies (Capintec) Inc.CRC\u201055t Well Counter Owner's Manual. Mirion Technologies (Capintec) Inc.;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"EppendorfAG.Eppendorf Research plus\u2014Technical Data. Eppendorf AG;2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470861981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/ab0472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259\u2010010\u20101519\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2020.109348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2025.111683"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2025.112108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658\u2010022\u201000446\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cbr.2018.2451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/56\/3\/012"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70589","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.70589","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70589","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:43:08Z","timestamp":1788270188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.70589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.70589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.70589","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70589"}}