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However, conventional LRT is constrained by geometric limitations when applied to small and medium\u2010sized tumor volumes, primarily due to the large beam sizes that restrict optimal lattice pattern formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate a photon minibeam\u2010based LATTICE radiotherapy (mini\u2010LRT) approach designed to overcome the geometric limitations of conventional LRT and enable effective spatially fractionated treatment for small and medium\u2010sized tumors adjacent to critical organs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three brain cases and three lung cases, with clinical target volumes ranging from 12.34 cc to 40.88 cc, were presented for treatment planning comparison between conventional LRT and mini\u2010LRT. A multi\u2010collimator delivery strategy employing shifted slit patterns was implemented to achieve complementary spatial coverage. Dose calculation and optimization were performed using Monte Carlo simulations and solved via an iterative convex relaxation algorithm. Reference stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) plans were generated for all six cases, and setup\u2010error robustness analysis was performed for two representative cases using nominal and shifted dose\u2010influence matrix scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mini\u2010LRT produced denser lattice structures in all cases, generating 5\u201311 vertices compared to only 1\u20133 vertices achievable with conventional LRT. Vertex diameters were reduced from 15.0\u00a0mm to 3.0\u20134.0\u00a0mm, and vertex\u2010to\u2010vertex distances decreased from 25.0\u00a0mm to 12.5\u00a0mm. The lattice volume ratio ranged from 0.68% to 1.07% with mini\u2010LRT. Organs at risk (OARs) dose reductions were observed in the evaluated cases, including reduced mean dose to brainstem, heart, and esophageal. Furthermore, mini\u2010LRT achieved a higher peak\u2010to\u2010valley dose ratio (PVDR) ranging from 2.19 to 2.94, compared to 1.75\u20132.34 for conventional LRT. Reference SBRT plans achieved clinical target volume (CTV) D\n                      <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a050\u00a0Gy in all cases but showed elevated D\n                      <jats:sub>0.03cc<\/jats:sub>\n                      to adjacent OARs in selected anatomically constrained cases. In the representative robustness analysis, worst\u2010case setup\u2010error scenarios showed modest PVDR degradation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This proof\u2010of\u2010concept dosimetric planning study suggests that photon minibeam\u2010based LATTICE radiotherapy can generate compact spatially fractionated dose distributions in selected small and medium\u2010sized tumors. Compared with conventional LRT, mini\u2010LRT increased vertex density, reduced lattice volume ratio, and improved OAR sparing in the evaluated cases. Additional experimental validation, motion assessment, and larger patient studies are required before clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:55:34Z","timestamp":1785761734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photon minibeam\u2010based LATTICE radiotherapy for small and medium\u2010sized tumors: A dosimetric planning study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Lanzhou China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of Kansas Medical Center  Kansas City 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