{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T14:37:22Z","timestamp":1793284642614,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computed tomography (CT) is sometimes necessary during pregnancy to diagnose and treat urgent conditions, but accurate fetal dose estimation remains challenging. Prior studies often relied on uterus dose or simplified fetal models, limiting organ\u2010specific assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop NCICT3.0 by incorporating detailed computational phantoms of pregnant women and fetuses into NCICT2.0, calculate fetal organ dose coefficients for maternal chest and abdomen\u2013pelvis CT, and evaluate phantom\u2010based estimates against patient\u2010specific CT\u2013based Monte Carlo simulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computational phantoms representing fetal ages from 8 to 38\u00a0weeks in cephalic presentation were used in Monte Carlo simulations with a validated CT scanner model. Additional breech\u2010presentation models were created for 10, 15, 20, and 25\u00a0weeks. Fetal organ dose conversion coefficients (mGy\/mGy) were calculated using a general\u2010purpose Monte Carlo code, MCNPX for maternal chest and abdomen\u2010pelvis CT under multiple scan conditions (80, 100, and 120 kVp; head and body filters). Longitudinal tube current modulation (TCM) was modeled using a generic algorithm, and dose changes were assessed relative to size\u2010adjusted fixed\u2010current scans. Phantom\u2010based fetal organ doses were compared with patient\u2010specific CT image\u2013based models simulated using the GPU\u2010based Monte Carlo code MCGPU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comprehensive fetal organ dose coefficients were generated and implemented into NCICT3.0, demonstrating strong organ\u2010 and presentation\u2010dependent variability. In maternal chest CT, fetal doses were low but increased with gestational age, whereas in abdomen\u2013pelvis CT, doses were higher and decreased with age due to increased attenuation. Maternal uterus dose consistently underestimated fetal organ doses. The generic longitudinal TCM algorithm showed a reduction in fetal doses, particularly at early gestation. Comparisons with patient\u2010specific simulations showed that fetal age, maternal abdominal perimeter, and maternal body habitus should be considered when selecting the most appropriate pregnancy phantoms for fetal dose calculations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCICT3.0 provides a comprehensive fetal organ\u2010level dose library for CT, enabling organ\u2010specific dose estimation and supporting research on dose heterogeneity, risk modeling, and optimization of maternal CT imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T16:30:50Z","timestamp":1785342650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fetal organ dose calculator for maternal CT"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Morat\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon Soo","family":"Yeom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Convergence Engineering Yonsei University  Wonju Gangwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Les R.","family":"Folio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Informatics Section Chief, Radiology Services James A. Haley Veterans Hospital  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Paulbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choonsik","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SadroCT DubinskyTJ.CT in pregnancy: risks and benefits.Appl Radiol.http:\/\/cdn.agilitycms.com\/applied\u2010radiology\/PDFs\/AR_10\u201013_Sadro.pdf. 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