{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:19:09Z","timestamp":1788272349275,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB034011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB034011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB032474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB032474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001395","name":"Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detector frame rate is commonly used as the primary metric to characterize the temporal behavior of x\u2010ray detectors in medical imaging systems. However, frame rate alone specifies only the sampling rate of image frames and does not determine how x\u2010ray interaction signals are temporally integrated to form the measured signal within each frame. In medical imaging applications, an important frame\u2010level component of detector temporal performance is characterized by the actual x\u2010ray active window and by the fraction of the frame time during which the detector is actively exposed to x\u2010rays. These frame\u2010level timing characteristics are crucial for assessing detector radiation dose efficiency, yet they are rarely measured\u00a0experimentally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and experimentally validate a method for quantifying the frame\u2010level temporal behavior of high frame rate x\u2010ray detectors beyond frame rate alone, by directly measuring the actual x\u2010ray active window duration and the detector temporal duty cycle during active x\u2010ray\u00a0exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A rotating test object with sharp lead\u2010foil edges was imaged using a high frame rate photon\u2010counting detector over a wide range of nominal frame\u2010rate settings up to 4500\u00a0fps. An independent laser tachometer was used to measure the angular velocity of the rotating object. Motion blur was analyzed using simple kinematic models that establish a direct relationship between the detector active window duration and the angular width of the blurred edge\u2010spread function (ESF) in projection images. The active window duration was estimated from the measured angular blur width. The experimentally measured frame rate was determined independently from the angular displacement of recurring features between frames. The detector duty cycle was computed as the ratio of the measured active window duration to the measured frame\u00a0time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The experimentally measured frame rate closely matched the nominal setting over the full tested range, with a linear relationship characterized by a slope of 1.002 and . In contrast, the actual x\u2010ray active window duration was consistently shorter than the frame time and decreased with increasing frame rate. A linear dependence of active window duration on frame time indicated a frame\u2010rate\u2010independent inactive window of approximately 0.15\u00a0ms per frame. As a result, the detector temporal duty cycle decreased systematically from above 90% at low frame rates to below 40% at the highest tested\u00a0settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nominal frame rate alone is insufficient to characterize detector temporal performance, because reduced active window duration within each frame substantially lowers the detector temporal duty cycle at high frame rates, with direct implications for radiation dose utilization and\u00a0efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:44:30Z","timestamp":1786520670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental quantification of frame\u2010level active window duration and duty cycle in high frame rate x\u2010ray detectors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Ruiran","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linying","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bujar","family":"Mehmeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Physics University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang\u2010Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WuX ShieldsA VanderbiltE et\u00a0al.Determining 3D distributions of pulsatile blood flow using orthogonal simultaneous biplane high\u2010speed angiography (SB\u2010HSA) with 1000 fps CdTe photon\u2010counting detectors for 3D x\u2010ray particle image velocimetry (3D\u2010XPIV) compared to results using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). 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