{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:45:19Z","timestamp":1792071919895,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four\u2010dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) allows dynamic assessment of wrist kinematics and offers a non\u2010invasive alternative for evaluating ligament instability. However, insufficient temporal resolution and differences in acquisition or reconstruction protocols may introduce motion\u2010related artifacts that affect quantitative analysis. As these artifacts can mimic pathological carpal motion, measurement error must be quantified to distinguish true pathology from methodological error. Therefore, systematic evaluation of motion quantification across different CT systems and acquisition protocols is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the errors in motion quantification across acquisition and reconstruction protocols of different CT systems in 4D CT imaging of wrist bones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A rotating wrist phantom with three 3D\u2010printed bones (scaphoid, lunate, capitate) was scanned on five CT systems from three manufacturers (Aquilion ONE PRISM and ONE Vision, Canon Medical; Revolution Apex, GE HealthCare; single\u2010source and dual\u2010source SOMATOM Force, Siemens Healthcare). One static 3D scan and multiple 4D scans were acquired at different phantom rotation speeds, each lasting 10 s. Single\u2010source covered 0.050\u20130.300 phantom rotations per second (rps), and dual\u2010source 0.100\u20130.600 rps. Dose dependence was evaluated on two systems (80\u00a0kV\/40\u00a0mA and 120\u00a0kV\/100\u00a0mA). Images were reconstructed in full and partial modes, segmented, and registered using point\u2010to\u2010image registration. Motion quantification error was calculated for translation and rotation of the scaphoid and capitate relative to the lunate, referenced to the static scan, and reported per rotation cycle. Motion quantification error was additionally expressed as a function of normalized motion per reconstructed frame to relate the error to the amount of motion occurring during image acquisition. Effects of CT system, bone type, reconstruction method, and rotation speed were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Statistical significance was defined as\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The motion quantification error was hardly affected by dose. For 0.100 rps, the errors of the best single\u2010source system were median 0.29\u00a0mm (interquartile range: 0.21\u20130.36\u00a0mm) and 1.37\u00b0 (0.82\u00b0\u20132.18\u00b0) for full and 0.21\u00a0mm (0.16\u20130.25\u00a0mm) and 0.70\u00b0 (0.52\u00b0\u20130.95\u00b0) for partial reconstructions for the capitate; the dual\u2010source system showed the lowest errors (0.14\u00a0mm (0.12\u20130.17\u00a0mm) and 0.48\u00b0 (0.39\u00b0\u20130.62\u00b0)). Motion quantification error scaled approximately linearly with normalized motion per reconstructed frame, corresponding to approximately 15% of the motion occurring during one reconstructed frame.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motion quantification errors were largely determined by phantom rotation speed and temporal resolution. The reported values provide a basis for defining the detection threshold for quantitative wrist kinematics, supporting differentiation between true kinematics and apparent displacement caused by motion artifacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:48:24Z","timestamp":1788504504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accuracy of motion quantification in dynamic CT images of the wrist joint across multiple CT vendors: A phantom study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Hanne","family":"Vries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam UMC 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