{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:45:23Z","timestamp":1792071923571,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,9,14]],"date-time":"2027-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1820880000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":378,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB023968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB023968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21CA263660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21CA263660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS\u20101828649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS\u20101828649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The constrained one\u2010step spectral CT image reconstruction algorithm (cOSSCIR) is a model\u2010based approach that iteratively estimates basis material maps directly from a set of transmission measurements. By incorporating a model of the imaging system's x\u2010ray beam and detector response, the method can be applied to both dual\u2010kV and photon\u2010counting problems. Since the polyenergetic composition of the x\u2010ray beam is incorporated into the reconstruction, cOSSCIR has the potential to address beam hardening metal artifacts using accurate spectral estimation for both modalities. Furthermore, the use of convex constraints in the inversion procedure can be leveraged to address photon starvation caused by metal using a masking\u00a0technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate metal artifact reduction performance within a one\u2010step framework for spectral CT\u00a0reconstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dual\u2010kV and photon\u2010counting transmission measurements were taken through a step\u2010wedge phantom and were used to form spectral models for an energy\u2010integrating and photon\u2010counting detector for our benchtop micro\u2010CT imaging system. Then experiments were performed using an electron\u2010density rod phantom with and without metal to evaluate the effect of spectral modeling and masking on the cOSSCIR reconstructions for both imaging modalities. Further experiments were performed using a biological specimen to demonstrate cOSSCIR and the artifact reduction techniques on a phantom with more complicated structure. Finally, cOSSCIR was demonstrated on head CT data with dental hardware obtained from a first\u2010generation silicon PCCT clinical\u00a0prototype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cOSSCIR reconstructions demonstrated a reduction in metal artifacts for both dual\u2010kV and photon counting data. For a region between the metal inserts of the electron\u2010density phantom, the mean absolute errors in the 60 keV dual\u2010kV virtual mono\u2010energetic images were 115 HU for FBP, compared to 87 HU and 41 HU using cOSSCIR and cOSSCIR with a mask, respectively. Likewise, the mean absolute errors in the 60 keV virtual mono\u2010energetic images were 217 HU for FBP, 71 HU using cOSSCIR, and 22 HU using cOSSCIR with a mask in the 60 keV photon\u2010counting virtual mono\u2010energetic images. In a region adjacent to the metal, the dual\u2010kV images had mean absolute errors of 100 HU for FBP, 53 HU for cOSSCIR, and 41 HU for cOSSCIR+Mask and the photon\u2010counting images had errors of 74 HU for FBP, 27 HU for cOSSCIR, and 63 HU for cOSSCIR+Mask. The additional spectral information available from the photon\u2010counting detector further reduced beam hardening and metal artifacts compared to the dual\u2010kV\u00a0images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>cOSSCIR reduced metal artifacts in both dual\u2010kV and photon\u2010counting x\u2010ray CT. When combined with a masking technique, the cOSSCIR reconstructions demonstrated further artifact reduction, although masking introduced new artifacts in some cases. In general, our results show that the cOSSCIR photon\u2010counting reconstructions compare favorably to dual\u2010kV and filtered backprojection, and when using a mask, can fully resolve regions in between two metal inserts for the objects scanned in this\u00a0study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:03:36Z","timestamp":1789452216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental investigation of metal artifact reduction using one\u2010step spectral CT reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Marquette University and the Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil Y.","family":"Sidky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taly Gilat","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Marquette University and the Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.164.2.3602406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000086495.96457.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/24\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3484090"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.7.5.053502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3533686"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15621"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4950722"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2696338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/10\/3784"},{"issue":"38","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Convergence for nonconvex ADMM, with applications to CT imaging","volume":"25","author":"Barber RF","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13946"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1928312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14945"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15942"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16649"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"VarchenaV.CIRS Models 062M\/062MA\/062MQA Tissue\u2010 equivalent materials elemental composition data.Norfolk VA. Computerized Imaging Reference Systems Inc.2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4725171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.6.4.043502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07017-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2014.2300153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RizzoBM SidkyEY SchmidtTG.Non\u2010linear partial volume artifact reduction in spectral CT one step direct inversion reconstruction.Proc. SPIE 11595 Medical Imaging 2021: Physics of Medical Imaging.Feb. 2021:115951X.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2582236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Computed Tomography Principles, Design, Artifacts, and Recent Advances","author":"Hsieh J","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4747260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/60\/4\/1415"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70672","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.70672","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70672","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70672","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:54:54Z","timestamp":1792068894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.70672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.70672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.70672","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70672"}}