{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:56:43Z","timestamp":1792083403448,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMU\u2010TC115A05\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU\u2010TC115A05\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anode heel effects have been shown to cause a non\u2010uniform distribution of X\u2010ray photon fluence, and anode angle could cause focal spot size variations across field. However, no previous study has investigated their effects on image quality metrics in radiography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aimed to propose an integrated circular radiography (ICRAD) phantom for assessing non\u2010uniform image quality metrics in digital radiography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The phantom was fabricated using multi\u2010layer circular acrylic plates with various sized details and an outer ring of tungsten. It was exposed ten times at different tube voltage and current\u2010time product settings using a digital radiographic system. The visible ratio (VR), normalized mutual information (nMI), and modulation transfer function at 10% (MTF\n                      <jats:sub>10%<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and 50% contrast (MTF\n                      <jats:sub>50%<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were calculated from different orientations to evaluate the non\u2010uniform image quality in radiography. For comparison, a conventional contrast\u2010detail radiography (CDRAD) phantom was also exposed ten times at the same tube voltage and tube current\u2010time product, and rotated at angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees to understand the effect of anode angle on image quality evaluation using the inverse image quality figure (IQF\n                      <jats:sub>inv<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Statistical comparisons and correlation analysis were performed and the results were considered significant if\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results demonstrated that the VR, nMI, MTF\n                      <jats:sub>50%<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and IQF\n                      <jats:sub>inv<\/jats:sub>\n                      increased with tube voltage and tube current\u2010time product, and all metrics were significantly correlated with each other. The VR, nMI, and MTF\n                      <jats:sub>50%<\/jats:sub>\n                      metrics were significantly higher in the cathode direction than in the anode direction, while the IQF\n                      <jats:sub>inv<\/jats:sub>\n                      metric was significantly greater when small details were placed toward the cathode direction compared to the anode direction. Moreover, the MTF\n                      <jats:sub>10%<\/jats:sub>\n                      metric was significantly lower in the cathode direction than in the anode direction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed ICRAD phantom is a suitable tool for assessing non\u2010uniform image quality and spatial resolution caused by the anode heel effect in digital radiography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:26:03Z","timestamp":1789748763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel integrated circular radiography (ICRAD) phantom for evaluating non\u2010uniform image quality metrics in radiography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Che\u2010Lun","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Chung","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Big Data Research Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Biomedical Artificial Intelligence Academy Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595708"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10512-020-00628-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2492071734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-1971-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Comparison of computed radiography and film\/screen combination using a contrast\u2010detail phantom","volume":"4","author":"Lu Z","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11110447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2021.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ab285b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e23050525"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e24121781"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3206967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.38.000196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.16.000633"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-007-9044-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"ZhangM LiuL LiY KeweiHuanZhengF ShiX The Influence of SNR on MTF Measurement. 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