{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:56:57Z","timestamp":1792083417460,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA016672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA016672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proton FLASH radiotherapy has demonstrated promising normal tissue sparing for similar tumor control at ultra\u2010high dose rates (&gt;\u00a040\u00a0Gy\/s), but systematic investigation of dose\u2010rate\u2010dependent biological mechanisms is limited. Most existing proton platforms operate within a narrow dose\u2010rate range. Synchrotron\u2010based systems are further constrained by limited beam current and cyclic (\u201cspill\u2010based\u201d) delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and validate a synchrotron\u2010based small\u2010animal proton irradiation platform with expanded and controllable dose and dose\u2010rate capabilities, enabling systematic studies across conventional, intermediate (meso)\u2010dose\u2010rate (\u03bcDR: 1\u201340\u00a0Gy\/s) and FLASH regimes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The beamline was redesigned to incorporate three beam modulation modes (low, mid, and high dose) by modifying initial scattering conditions and re\u2010optimizing and repositioning downstream components, including cone\u2010shaped flattening filters, ridge filters, and range compensators. 14 discrete synchrotron beam extraction settings (denoted as \u201cIDs\u201d) with different beam fluxes were developed and combined with 3 beam modulation modes, resulting in 42 dose and dose\u2010rate combinations. Ridge filters were fabricated using resin\u2010based 3D printing with an iterative geometric correction workflow. Depth\u2010dose distributions were measured using an Advanced Markus ionization chamber, and lateral dose profiles were verified using radiochromic film.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The low\u2010, mid\u2010, and high\u2010dose modes achieved maximum single\u2010spill doses of 20.8\u00a0Gy (205\u00a0Gy\/s), 30.2\u00a0Gy (297\u00a0Gy\/s), and 53.8\u00a0Gy (531\u00a0Gy\/s), respectively. Across all beam IDs and modulation modes, dose rates ranged from approximately 13\u00a0Gy\/s to 2200\u00a0Gy\/s, spanning \u03bcDR and FLASH regimes. Measured depth\u2010dose profiles agreed with Monte Carlo simulations within\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04%, and lateral dose flatness was within\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.7%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This modular beamline redesign significantly expands the achievable dose and dose\u2010rate combinations of a synchrotron\u2010based proton irradiation platform without requiring accelerator modifications. The system enables 42 reproducible dose and dose\u2010rate configurations with single\u2010spill delivery, providing a flexible framework for systematic investigation of dose\u2010rate\u2010dependent radiobiological proton FLASH effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:30:26Z","timestamp":1791307826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expanding dose and dose\u2010rate capabilities of a synchrotron\u2010based pre\u2010clinical proton FLASH irradiation platform"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Zongsheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas 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