{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:40:39Z","timestamp":1792608039350,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["864929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["864929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four\u2010dimensional dynamic contrast\u2010enhanced breast CT (4D DCE\u2010bCT) provides submillimeter spatial resolution and temporal sampling within seconds, offering potential for improved perfusion assessment in breast cancer. Its quantitative accuracy, however, must be validated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the accuracy of dynamic iodine concentration quantification in 4D DCE\u2010bCT using a perfusion phantom with in\u2010line optical spectroscopy and ultraviolet\u2010visible (UV\/VIS) spectrophotometry as reference standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A dynamic flow phantom with a 3\u00a0mm internal diameter was used to approximate tumor\u2010feeding vessels. Potassium iodide (KI) contrast was introduced using block\u2010pulse injections at 1, 3, and 5\u00a0mg I\/mL and a gradual inflow\u2010outflow protocol to reproduce bolus passage. In\u2010line optical spectroscopy and UV\/VIS spectrophotometry provided reference measurements. Dynamic bCT acquisitions were performed using a previously developed sparse\u2010view protocol. A static pre\u2010contrast scan was reconstructed with the iterative maximum\u2010likelihood polychromatic algorithm for CT (IMPACT), and post\u2010contrast dynamic scans were reconstructed using the prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS) algorithm. Acquisitions were performed at 65\u00a0kV with 0.25\u00a0mm Cu filtration, 80\u00a0mA for the pre\u2010contrast scan (300 projections over 10\u00a0s) and 32\u00a0mA for the post\u2010contrast scans (444 projections per 100\u00a0s), using a 5\u00a0ms pulse width. Projection data were corrected for scatter and motion before reconstruction, and the static prior was then subtracted from post\u2010contrast volumes. Object\u2010size effects were evaluated using the 3\u00a0mm tube and 5, 10, 15, and 20\u00a0mm hollow spheres filled with non\u2010flowing iodine at 1, 3, and 5\u00a0mg I\/mL. The tube interior was segmented using thresholding and morphological cleanup, while spherical phantoms were segmented by identifying the sphere center and extracting all enclosed voxels. Voxel values were converted to iodine concentration using a pre\u2010determined calibration curve, and agreement with reference standards was evaluated using peak concentrations and time\u2010concentration profiles, with errors reported as absolute and relative differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In dynamic block\u2010pulse experiments, peak iodine concentrations measured by 4D DCE\u2010bCT were systematically underestimated relative to ground truth, with relative errors of approximately 12% to 39%. In gradual inflow\u2010outflow experiments, the peak iodine concentration derived from 4D DCE\u2010bCT was 5.24\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.61\u00a0mg I\/mL, whereas optical ground truth measured 5.17\u00a0mg I\/mL. Static experiments demonstrated an average underestimation of 0.23\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.14\u00a0mg I\/mL across target sizes and concentrations and no relationship between iodine estimation and target size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4D DCE\u2010bCT enabled acquisition of time\u2010varying iodine concentration profiles in a 3\u00a0mm tube phantom. Gradual changes were captured more accurately compared to rapid changes, consistent with temporal averaging. These results demonstrate the feasibility of dynamic iodine imaging with 4D DCE\u2010bCT while highlighting current limitations and motivating further evaluation in anatomically realistic phantoms and pilot clinical studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:04:07Z","timestamp":1792605847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of quantitative accuracy in 4D DCE\u2010bCT: Insights from a perfusion phantom study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Liselot C.","family":"Goris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Medical Centre University of Twente  Enschede The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan J.","family":"Pautasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Michielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Sechopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Medical Centre University of Twente  Enschede The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Dutch Expert Centre for Screening (LRCB)  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70090"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2022.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164\u2010022\u201000363\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12110748"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djs528"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885\u2010015\u20101664\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2004.1403343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10092311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/ab55ac"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17658"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.959297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2836423"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1109\/83.506761","article-title":"An FFT\u2010based technique for translation, rotation, and scale\u2010invariant image registration","volume":"5","author":"Reddy BS","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3457331"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2283020961"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Breast Imaging. 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