{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:31:24Z","timestamp":1791217884217,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]],"date-time":"2006-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10791,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Pediatr. Oncol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because of the frequent reports of hepatic toxicity associated with long\u2010term administration of methotrexate, a rat model was developed utilizing daily methotrexate administration. This model revealed an incidence of fatty metamorphosis of over 80 percent, atrophy and necrosis of 30 percent, and fibrosis of 10 percent. Fatty liver changes did not differ substantially from control animals in those animals receiving long\u2010term hydroxyurea, an agent which, like methotrexate, inhibits DNA synthesis but unlike methotrexate, does not impair methylation reactions. Because choline has a lipotropic effect and because its synthesis requires methylation, an attempt was made to block the liver toxicity of methotrexate by simultaneous administration of choline. Animals so treated did not show the pathologic changes in the liver characteristic of methotrexate treatment alone. Furthermore, the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver which was characteristic of methotrexate administration was markedly reduced in those animals receiving choline.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These data strongly suggest that, in the rat model, methotrexate produced liver toxicity by virtue of an effect other than inhibition of DNA synthesis; and that this toxicity can be blocked without impairing methotrexate effect on bone marrow by the administration of choline, a lipotropic agent requiring methylation for its synthesis. It is suggested that these results may have implications for human therapeutic situations involving long\u2010term administration of methotrexate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.2950030103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,20]],"date-time":"2007-02-20T14:10:27Z","timestamp":1171980627000},"page":"9-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Choline antagonism of methotrexate liver toxicity in the rat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Freeman\u2010Narrod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. A.","family":"Narrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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Custer R. P. andNarrod S. A.Chronic toxicity of methotrexate in rats. J. Pharm. & Exptl. Ther. In press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"951","article-title":"Pathogenesis of the cirrhosis produced by choline deficiency","volume":"27","author":"Hartroft W. S.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am. J. Path."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/32.2.121","article-title":"The significance of fatty infiltration in the development of hepatic cirrhosis due to choline deficiency","volume":"31","author":"Handler P.","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)39047-7","article-title":"The direct determination of liver triglycerides","volume":"2","author":"Butler W. M.","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. 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