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Community epidemiological surveys using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered face\u2010to\u2010face were carried out in 10 countries in North America (Canada and the US), Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and Mexico), Europe (Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, and Turkey), and Asia (Japan). The total sample size was more than 37,000.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Lifetime prevalence estimates of hierarchy\u2010free DSM\u2010III\u2010R\/DSM\u2010IV MDE varied widely, from 3% in Japan to 16.9% in the US, with the majority in the range of 8% to 12%. The 12\u2010month\/lifetime prevalence ratio was in the range 40% to 55%, the 30\u2010day\/12\u2010month prevalence ratio in the range 45% to 65%, and median age of onset in the range 20 to 25 in most countries. Consistent socio\u2010demographic correlates included being female and unmarried. Respondents in recent cohorts reported higher lifetime prevalence, but lower persistence than those in earlier cohorts. Major depressive episodes were found to be strongly co\u2010morbid with, and temporally secondary to, anxiety disorders in all countries, with primary panic and generalized anxiety disorders the most powerful predictors of the first onset of secondary MDE.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Major depressive episodes are a commonly occurring disorder that usually has a chronic\u2010intermittent course. Effectiveness trials are needed to evaluate the impact of early detection and treatment on the course of MDE as well as to evaluate whether timely treatment of primary anxiety disorders would reduce the subsequent onset, persistence, and severity of secondary MDE. Copyright \u00a9 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,24]],"date-time":"2006-03-24T13:46:46Z","timestamp":1143208006000},"page":"3-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":796,"title":["The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) surveys"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge J.","family":"Caraveo\u2010anduaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Berglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob V.","family":"Bijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron De","family":"Graaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilma","family":"Vollebergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Dragomirecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald C","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norito","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cengiz","family":"Kili\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Offord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Bedirhan Ustun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Ulrich","family":"Wittchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"The interface of chronic depression with personality and anxiety disorders","volume":"20","author":"Akiskal HS","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"AndradeL de LolioC GentilV et al.Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in a catchment area in S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil. 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