{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:32:54Z","timestamp":1789093974823,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority, Hong Kong","award":["(13) in T72"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(13) in T72"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Methods Psych Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning difficulties (LDs) are proposed as 2 overlapping disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the handwriting performance in ADHD and comorbid ADHD\u2010LD adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study examined the Chinese and English handwriting performance and sensorimotor skills of 32 ADHD, 12 ADHD\u2010LD, and their matched controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with ADHD had comparable writing time and speed, but the readability was lower than their controls. Participants with ADHD\u2010LD had lower writing speeds in both Chinese and English handwriting than their controls. The ADHD and ADHD\u2010LD groups also showed larger variations in either speed or pen pressure than their controls. Chinese handwriting assessment effectively classified ADHD and ADHD\u2010LD with good sensitivity and positive predictive value.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinicians should be aware of the fundamental difference between the 2 disorders and make good use of handwriting assessment as a reference to deliver effective therapies and trainings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T08:54:40Z","timestamp":1526374480000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Handwriting assessment to distinguish comorbid learning difficulties from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in <scp>C<\/scp>hinese adolescents: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2141-9287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia W.P.","family":"Li\u2010Tsang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hung Hom Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim M.H.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hung Hom Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy S.W.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hung Hom Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choco H.Y.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hung Hom Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science City University of Hong Kong  Kowloon Tong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard W.H.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science City University of Hong Kong  Kowloon Tong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70499-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1555"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"545","volume-title":"Occupational therapy for children","author":"Amundson S. J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Beery\u2010Buktenica developmental test of visual\u2010motor integration","author":"Beery K. E.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2011.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712461936"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Bruininks\u2010Oseretsky test of motor proficiency","author":"Bruininks R. H.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224377901600110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"Motor\u2010free visual perception test\u2014Third edition","author":"Colarusso R. P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412464351"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.100.3.566"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"The Hong Kong test of specific learning disabilities in reading and writing (HKT\u2010SpLD)","author":"Ho C. S. H.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2182\/cjot.2011.78.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/ijop.2013.4.3.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2012.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711434154"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"Lau V. Liu S. &Lee F.(2012).Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder\u2014An epidemiological study in Hong Kong from 2003 to 2009. Brainchild (Official Publication of HKCNDP).13 5\u201311."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and regression by randomForest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300502"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation. (2005).Microsoft Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 Recognizer Pack.https:\/\/msdn.microsoft.com\/en\u2010us\/library\/aa813362.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036966"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807309244"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413491287"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","volume-title":"Development eye movement (DEM), Version 2.5, examiner's manual","author":"Richman J. E.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01942630802224934"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947100400608"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.8.4.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01044.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710383116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716403000018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2004.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","volume-title":"The ICD\u201010 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmpr.1718","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mpr.1718","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mpr.1718","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mpr.1718","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T10:31:51Z","timestamp":1693909911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mpr.1718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mpr.1718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1718","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-8931","1557-0657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-8931","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-0657","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-10-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1718"}}