{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T11:58:09Z","timestamp":1759838289459},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,8]],"date-time":"2012-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Methods Psych Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychiatric researchers tend to select the discordant co\u2010twin design when they seek to hold constant genetic influence while estimating exposure\u2010associated disease risk. The epidemiologic case\u2010crossover research design developed for the past two decades represents a viable alternative, not often seen in psychiatric studies. Here, we turn to the epidemiologic case\u2010crossover approach to examine the idea that cannabis onset is a proximal trigger for cocaine use, with the power of \u201csubject\u2010as\u2010own\u2010control\u201d research used to hold constant antecedent characteristics of the individual drug user, including genetic influence and other traits experienced up to the time of the observed hazard and control intervals. Data are from newly incident cocaine users identified in the 2002\u20132006 US National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Among these cocaine users, 48 had both cannabis onset and cocaine onset in the same month\u2010long hazard interval; the expected value is 30 users, based on the control interval we had pre\u2010specified for case\u2010crossover estimation (estimated relative risk, RR\u2009=\u20091.6; exact mid\u2010<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042). Within the framework of a subject\u2010as\u2010own\u2010control design, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that cannabis onset is a proximal trigger for cocaine use, with genetic influences (and many environmental conditions and processes) held constant. Limitations are noted and implications are discussed. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,9]],"date-time":"2012-01-09T02:36:50Z","timestamp":1326076610000},"page":"66-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Does cannabis onset trigger cocaine onset? A case\u2010crossover approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Megan S.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Welfare at the University of Kansas  Lawrence KS USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah Andrews","family":"Comment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Michigan State University  East Lansing MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kung Yee","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Michigan State University  East Lansing MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00287.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"439","volume-title":"The Validity of Self\u2010reported Drug Use: Improving the Accuracy of Survey Estimates","author":"Biemer P.P.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9545053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01322.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02456.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Epidemiology","author":"Gordis L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188374"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"KennetJ.(2005)Assessing the reliability of key measures in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health using a test\u2013retest methodology."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2003.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9064-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3531"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.4.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.2.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.21.1.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp264"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.23.2805"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117550"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300681"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-200049236"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"The stepping\u2010stone hypothesis \u2013 marijuana, heroin, andcausality","volume":"4","author":"O'Donnell J. 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