{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T05:38:28Z","timestamp":1792474708447,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023674","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Methods Psych Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resting\u2010state electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a promising non\u2010invasive modality for investigating depressive symptoms; however, conventional deep\u2010learning methods often require large labeled datasets and provide limited interpretability. We developed an Explainable Self\u2010Supervised Temporal Transformer Network for participant\u2010level classification of BDI\u2010defined elevated depressive symptoms from resting\u2010state EEG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The framework employed masked temporal modeling for self\u2010supervised pretraining followed by supervised fine\u2010tuning. Model performance was evaluated using repeated nested participant\u2010wise cross\u2010validation and compared with conventional machine\u2010learning and deep\u2010learning baselines. Explainability was investigated through transformer attention maps and SHAP\u2010based channel attribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed model achieved a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC\u2010AUC) of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.73\u20130.90), a precision\u2013recall AUC of 0.69, balanced accuracy of 0.75, sensitivity of 0.72, and specificity of 0.78. The positive predictive value was 0.57, indicating a substantial false\u2010positive burden in the evaluated cohort. The proposed model showed the highest point\u2010estimate ROC\u2010AUC among the evaluated baselines, with a 0.07 improvement over EEGNet; however, the overlapping uncertainty intervals and the small elevated\u2010symptom cohort warrant cautious interpretation of comparative superiority. Performance decreased from an ROC\u2010AUC of 0.82 in Run 1 to 0.78 in Run 2 and to 0.72\u20130.73 under cross\u2010condition transfer, supporting interpretation of these analyses as internal reproducibility and condition\u2010shift assessments rather than independent external validation. Removing self\u2010supervised pretraining reduced the ROC\u2010AUC to 0.74. Explainability analyses identified distributed temporally relevant intervals and frontal\u2010midline to centro\u2010parietal channel contributions, with attribution interpreted as model\u2010relevance evidence rather than causal biomarker evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the findings provide preliminary internal evidence that self\u2010supervised temporal representation learning can support participant\u2010level classification of BDI\u2010defined elevated depressive symptoms from resting\u2010state EEG under the evaluated experimental conditions. The findings do not establish clinical diagnostic validity, screening readiness, or independent external generalizability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.70112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:30:47Z","timestamp":1791876647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Explainable Self\u2010Supervised Temporal Transformer for Participant\u2010Level Classification of Depressive Symptoms From Resting\u2010State EEG"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Pushpamala","family":"Ramaiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing Umm Al\u2010Qura University  Makkah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibtesam","family":"Nomani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing Umm Al\u2010Qura University  Makkah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayam Ibrahim","family":"Asfour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing Umm Al\u2010Qura University  Makkah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirza R.","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice College of Pharmacy Dubai Medical University  Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksudjan","family":"Yuldashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jizzakh State Pedagogical University Education of Management  Jizzakh Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrokhim","family":"Sapaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head of the Department \u00abPhysics and Chemistry\u00bb \u201cTashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers\u201d National Research University  Tashkent Uzbekistan"},{"name":"Scientific Researcher of the University of Tashkent for Applied Science  Tashkent Uzbekistan"},{"name":"School of Engineering Central Asian University  Tashkent Uzbekistan"},{"name":"Western Caspian University Scientific Researcher  Baku Azerbaijan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zein Bassam","family":"Bani Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Languages \/ Department of English Language and Literature\/Translation Jadara University  Irbid Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chandigarh University  Mohali Punjab India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Manchanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science &amp; Applications Sharda School of Computing Science and Engineering Sharda University  Greater Noida India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Ahmad Saleem","family":"Khasawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Education Department College of Education King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9158-9503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid S.","family":"Jabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2024.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2014.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102552\/abca18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618\u2010023\u201000933\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cavanagh J. 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