{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T08:05:35Z","timestamp":1759565135015},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,18]],"date-time":"2005-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6198,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gamete Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies by a French group (Fertil Steril 44:645\u2013651, 1985) have shown that two\u2010to eight\u2010cell human embryos can survive slow freeze\u2010thawing with propanediol in a biological freezer. These embryos were assessed for morphological appearance by phase\u2010contrast microscopy. We assessed the structure of 25 frozen\u2010thawed one\u2010 to 12\u2010cell embryos, obtained from our in vitro fertilization (IVF) and GIFT programmes, by phase\u2010contrast and electron microscopy, using the same method of cryopreservation. One\u2010fourth of the embryos examined had all cells intact, and more than one\u2010half the embryos had over 50% of their cells well preserved. Some of these embryos had unequal blastomeres and cytoplasmic fragments. Ultrastructural assessment revealed good preservation of fine structure in the intact blastomeres of all embryos and maintenance of cell\u2010to\u2010cell contacts. Most cytoplasmic organelles, cell membranes, and nuclei were well preserved compared to nonfrozen controls. The cells that were cryoinjured showed varying degrees of disorganization of the cell membrane, cytosol, and cellular membranes, including swelling and disruption of the nuclear envelope. Disruption of the zona was somewhat rare. Small cytoplasmic fragments were less prone to cryoinjury than blastomeres. The use of propanediol for embryo cryopreservation seems to be feasible; frozen embryos with more than 50% cells intact have produced 10 pregnancies after embryo transfer (Fertil Steril 46:268\u2013272, 1986). Replacement of 17 frozen embryos in seven patients has resulted in a twin pregnancy in Singapore. However, the effects of freezing on the mitotic spindles of embryonic cells need to be investigated further.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1120190305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,25]],"date-time":"2005-02-25T12:41:29Z","timestamp":1109335289000},"page":"253-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fine structure of early human embryos frozen with 1,2 propanediol"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"S. C.","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. H.","family":"Sathananthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. C.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. S.","family":"Ratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. N.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01131380"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01131381"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48981-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer","author":"Mayer F","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01130825"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"NgSC RatnamSS WongPC HamiltonMRAnandakumarC(1986):Experiences with the vitro fertilization in Singapore. In: \u201cProceedings of the 12th World Congress of Fertility and Sterility\u201d Singapore (in press)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"SathananthanAH NgSC TrounsonAO RatnamSS BongsoTA HoJ MokHNeeLM(1987a):The effects of freeze\u2010thawing on meiotic and mitotic spindles of mouse eggs. In preparation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1120160408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Atlas of Fine Structure of Human Sperm Penetration, Eggs and Embryos Cultured In Vitro","author":"Sathananthan AH","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01131373"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49524-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49448-3"}],"container-title":["Gamete Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmrd.1120190305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrd.1120190305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T16:52:56Z","timestamp":1697907176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mrd.1120190305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,3]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mrd.1120190305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrd.1120190305","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-7280","1554-3919"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-7280","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-3919","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,3]]}}}