{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:31:29Z","timestamp":1788492689135,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,29]],"date-time":"2012-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1332979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Reproduction Devel"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Embryonic genome activation (EGA) is the first major step towards successful initiation of preimplantation development, which culminates in the formation of implantation\u2010competent embryos. EGA occurs at species\u2010specific embryonic cell stages. In the present work, EGA was identified for buffalo embryos by studying the development rate of embryos in normal as well as imposed transcription block conditions, analyzing bromo\u2010uridine triphosphate (BrUTP) incorporation rates as evidence of de novo transcription initiation, and studying the expression status of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A (eIF1A), U2 auxiliary splicing factor (U2AF), and polyadenylate polymerase (PAP) genes at different embryonic cell stages. Under normal, in vitro fertilization and culture conditions, about 26% and 17% of oocytes could reach morula and blastocyst stages, respectively, but no embryos could progress beyond 8\u2010cell stages in presence of \u03b1\u2010amanitin. Culturing embryos in the presence of BrUTP revealed a marked increase in its incorporation between 4\u2010 and 8\u2010cell stages. All genes studied displayed an abrupt increase in expression between 4\u2010 and 8\u2010cell stages; PAP expression was upregulated earlier from 2\u2010 to 4\u2010cell stages. About 65% of PAP transcripts from the 4\u2010cell stage and more than 70% of eIF1A, U2AF, and PAP transcripts at 8\u2010cell stage embryos were found to be synthesized de novo. Together, these data suggest that a minor EGA in buffalo embryos happens from 2\u2010 to 4\u2010cell stages, while the major EGA takes place from 4\u2010 to 8\u2010cell stage transition. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 321\u2013328, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,10]],"date-time":"2012-02-10T21:20:36Z","timestamp":1328908836000},"page":"321-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Embryonic genome activation events in buffalo (<i>Bubalus bubalis<\/i>) preimplantation 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