{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T02:40:19Z","timestamp":1791168019332,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]],"date-time":"2012-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Reproduction Devel"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>EPPIN (epididymal protease inhibitor; SPINLW1), an antimicrobial cysteine\u2010rich protein containing both Kunitz and whey acidic protein (WAP)\u2010type four disulfide core protease inhibitor consensus sequences, is a target for male contraception because of its critical role in sperm motility. Here, we characterized EPPIN's expression and cellular distribution in rat tissues and its in vivo regulation by androgens in the epididymis. EPPIN (mRNA and protein) was abundantly expressed in the rat testis and epididymis; we also found that the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and brain were novel sites of EPPIN expression. PCR studies demonstrated that in addition to Sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells expressed <jats:italic>Eppin<\/jats:italic> mRNA. EPPIN was immunolocalized in Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells (pachytene spermatocytes and round and elongated spermatids) and in epithelial cells and spermatozoa from efferent ductules and epididymis. EPPIN staining was observed on the middle and principal pieces of the flagellum of testicular spermatozoa. Epididymal spermatozoa had more intense EPPIN staining on the flagellum, and the EPPIN staining became apparent on the head and neck regions. This suggested that the EPPIN found on maturing spermatozoa was secreted primarily by the epithelial cells of the epididymis. Surgical castration down\u2010regulated EPPIN expression levels (mRNA and protein) in the caput and cauda epididymis, an effect reversed by testosterone replacement. Altogether, our data suggested that EPPIN expression in rats is more widespread than in humans and mice, and is androgen\u2010dependent in the epididymis. This species could be used as an experimental model to further study EPPIN's role in male fertility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 832\u2013842, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,15]],"date-time":"2012-10-15T19:18:03Z","timestamp":1350328683000},"page":"832-842","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Epididymal protease inhibitor (EPPIN) is differentially expressed in the male rat reproductive tract and immunolocalized in maturing spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Erick J.R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00edlia T.C.C.","family":"Patr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James K.","family":"Tsuruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"O'Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Christina W.","family":"Avellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2009.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20020869"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.05.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2091-12-55"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.078360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.013086"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.7.8925"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod44.6.1113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220890"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.057323"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-07-0114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.244905"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.063909"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.094227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099743"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.12.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.072942"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.012781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-005-0108-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(01)00462-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050346"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610814104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg157"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-08-0132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(03)00608-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod49.5.1045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.036483"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.060194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Eppin: 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