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Subfertility of boars remains a major constraint, which can impact the reproductive efficiency of thousands of sows, so a better understanding of testicular function is needed in order to develop methods to improve semen production. With this in mind, the effects of RFamide\u2010related peptide 3 (RFRP3) and Gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone\u2010II (GnRH\u2010II) on gonadotropin secretion and testicular function of pigs are reviewed here. Receptors for RFRP3 are present in the pig hypothalamus, adenohypophysis, and testis. Evidence from in vitro studies indicates that RFRP3 could be a hypophysiotropic hormone in the pig by suppressing secretion of GnRH\u2010I from the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland; however, effects of RFRP3 on in vivo secretion of LH in pigs are minimal. Within the pig testis, RFRP3 suppresses testosterone secretion by inhibiting steroidogenic enzymes. GnRH\u2010II and its receptor (GnRHR\u2010II) are abundant in pig testes. Interstitial cells express GnRHR\u2010II, and exogenous GnRH\u2010II robustly stimulates secretion of testosterone in boars, despite minimal secretion of LH. Data illustrate that GnRH\u2010II directly stimulates secretion of testosterone from the testes of mature boars. Thus, the primary function of RFRP3 and GnRH\u2010II in the boar appears to be autocrine\u2013paracrine inhibition and stimulation, respectively, of testosterone secretion within the testis. A better understanding of changes in the RFRP3 and GnRH\u2010II systems within the testis during development will provide important clues about how to improve the testicular function of boars.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T13:56:42Z","timestamp":1493992602000},"page":"994-1003","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["RFamide\u2010related peptide 3 and gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone\u2010II are autocrine\u2013paracrine regulators of testicular function in the boar"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2512-7764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clay A.","family":"Lents","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service U. S. 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