{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:45:35Z","timestamp":1761709535934,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004263","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["16\/2551-0000223-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/2551-0000223-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["447251\/2014-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["447251\/2014-7"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Vale do Taquari de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Social (FUVATES)","award":["10901294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10901294"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Reproduction Devel"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human secondary hypogonadism is associated with impaired testicular function, however, little is known about its impact on sperm epididymal maturation. Endocrine disruption in the epididymis could impair the secretion of key proteins, such as \u03b2\u2010defensins, responsible for spermatozoa maturation during epididymal transit. This study evaluated the sequence and structural similarities between porcine epididymal \u03b2\u2010defensins porcine \u03b2\u2010defensins (pBD3), pBD4, pBD125, and pEP2C and their human homologs using bioinformatics integrated with information derived from protein databanks. We then verified whether the expression of<jats:italic>pBD3, pBD4<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>pBD125<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>pEP2C<\/jats:italic>genes in the testis and epididymis are influenced by disruption of the hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010testicular (HPT) axis in a pig model for male human secondary hypogonadism. Upon modeling porcine \u03b2\u2010defensins, structural and functional analysis confirmed the presence of motifs associated with \u03b2\u2010defensin function, validating the models generated in silico. pBD3 and pBD4 showed acceptable structural alignments with human \u03b2\u2010defensins BDEF103 and BDEF110, respectively. In addition, evaluation of hormonal regulation of \u03b2\u2010defensins was assessed by analyzing the expression of these four \u03b2\u2010defensins in adult boars immunized against gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone (GnRH). Our results indicate that HPT axis disruption modifies the expression of<jats:italic>pBD3, pBD4, pBD125<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>pEP2C<\/jats:italic>in boar testis and epididymis, suggesting an endocrine\u2010dependent regulation of \u03b2\u2010defensins in swine epididymis. In conclusion, sequence and structural homology between pBD3 and pBD4 and their human homologs provide a basis for using the pig as a model for the study of human secondary hypogonadism. Further investigation of the human homologs in hypogonadal men could elucidate the connections between fertility and epididymal expression of \u03b2\u2010defensins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T15:36:39Z","timestamp":1539272199000},"page":"921-933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Structural modeling and mRNA expression of epididymal \u03b2\u2010defensins in GnRH immunized boars: A model for secondary hypogonadism in man"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Augusto","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari \u2013 Univates Lajeado RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayse","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari \u2013 Univates Lajeado RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-1427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L.","family":"Abujamra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari \u2013 Univates Lajeado RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0793-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan C.","family":"Bustamante\u2010Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari \u2013 Univates Lajeado RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515004997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.6895"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.December.28.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.24401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2007.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku340"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/E356"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2015_5016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-058-8_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_15_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"In silico protein modeling: Possibilities and limitations","volume":"13","author":"Gupta C. L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"EXCLI Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.013086","article-title":"The epididymal transcriptome and proteome provide some insights into new epididymal regulations","volume":"32","author":"Guyonnet B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology (Philadelphia, PA)"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02295.x","article-title":"Host defense proteins of the male reproductive tract","volume":"23","author":"Hall S. H.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology (Philadelphia, PA)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00298.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_1_19_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The role of estrogen in testis and the male reproductive tract: A review and species comparison","volume":"1","author":"Hess R. A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00412-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.95103s759"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.012872","article-title":"Estrogen and its receptors in efferent ductules and epididymis","volume":"32","author":"Hess R. A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology (Philadelphia, PA)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RD00100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-76"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.01.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.087353"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00436-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn750"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-016-0565-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3570"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006743"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.142772"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6690"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.10286"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364153"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20519"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2015.02.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/13685530400016664","article-title":"Andropause (or symptomatic late\u2010onset hypogonadism): Facts, fiction and controversies","volume":"7","author":"Morales A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Aging Male: The Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.23200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1071"},{"volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of swine","year":"2012","author":"NRC","key":"e_1_2_6_1_45_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.008953","article-title":"Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for the antimicrobial peptides beta\u2010defensin\u20101 and beta\u2010defensin\u20102 in the male rat reproductive tract: Beta\u2010defensin\u20101 mRNA in initial segment and caput epididymidis is regulated by androgens and not bacterial lipopolysaccharides","volume":"68","author":"Palladino M. A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2008.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364184"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)01423-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b00968"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.014266","article-title":"Androgen action in the epididymis","volume":"32","author":"Robaire B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology (Philadelphia, PA)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397175-3.00017-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-005-0158-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.173932"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000336619"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-016-0106-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-012-1389-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.340170404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR955"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12540"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002289"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.064071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2013.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3213"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.03101-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2007.00914.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_1_74_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Template\u2010based and free modeling of I\u2010TASSER and QUARK pipelines using predicted contact maps in CASP12","volume":"86","author":"Zhang C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.34.24031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.20264"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki524"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0478-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003826"}],"container-title":["Molecular Reproduction and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmrd.23069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrd.23069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mrd.23069","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrd.23069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T07:43:57Z","timestamp":1720683837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mrd.23069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mrd.23069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrd.23069","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-452X","1098-2795"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1040-452X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-2795"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-09-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}