{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:37:59Z","timestamp":1792813079680,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD045671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD045671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Reproduction Devel"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The egg's blocks to polyspermy (fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm) were originally identified in marine and aquatic species with external fertilization, but polyspermy matters in mammalian reproduction too. Embryonic triploidy is a noteworthy event associated with pregnancy complications and loss. Polyspermy is a major cause of triploidy with up to 80% of triploid conceptuses being the result of dispermic fertilization. The mammalian female reproductive tract regulates the number of sperm that reach the site of fertilization, but mammals also utilize egg\u2010based blocks to polyspermy. The egg\u2010based blocks occur on the mammalian egg coat (the zona pellucida) and the egg plasma membrane, with apparent variation between different mammalian species regarding the extent to which one or both are used. The zona pellucida block to polyspermy has some similarities to the slow block in water\u2010dwelling species, but the mammalian membrane block to polyspermy differs substantially from the fast electrical block that has been characterized in marine and aquatic species. This review discusses what is known about the incidence of polyspermy in mammals and about the mammalian membrane block to polyspermy, as well as notes some lesser\u2010characterized potential mechanisms contributing to polyspermy prevention in mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T03:23:31Z","timestamp":1585279411000},"page":"341-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Preventing polyspermy in mammalian eggs\u2014Contributions of the membrane block and other mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janice P.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/Abbott"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(199703)46:3<370::AID-MRD16>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.6406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9530674"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/172082b0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31772-1","article-title":"Sperm from mice carrying a targeted mutation of the acrosin gene can penetrate the oocyte zona pellucida and effect fertilization","volume":"269","author":"Baba T.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/233268a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.021485"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(81)90329-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420140103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.suppl_1.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9540391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000020836"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201112094"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00296145"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0788"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","article-title":"Mammalian egg coat modifications and the block to polyspermy","author":"Fahrenkamp E.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular Reproduction and Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod19.2.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188178"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RD18175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-06-0304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(86)90036-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22663"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/4.3.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(76)90285-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402330215"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.150227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1980.tb00955.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917595117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2012.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2011.01862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1080340111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90184-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Fertilization of pig eggs in vivo and in vitro","volume":"40","author":"Hunter R. H.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1080290411"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(19980201)280:2<182::AID-JEZ9>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-8982-9_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014784"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/iox066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1978.tb00930.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1982.tb00714.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-492603-5.50012-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(83)90168-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.71.1835.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cb200084y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90265-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.110221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gag072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1060170305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.1.233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","unstructured":"1935 Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington DC W. H. Lewis E. S. Wright On the early\u00a0development of the mouse egg 113 143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.044743"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(76)80168-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaw019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2174\/978160805182311101010121","volume-title":"Oocyte maturation and fertilization: A long history for a short event","author":"Malcuit C.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RD05131"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(199606)44:2<256::AID-MRD16>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S096719940000188X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.4.1342"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(83)90038-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2005.037747"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201400117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00282300"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-012-9815-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/290702a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/3.12.1087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19497-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)32466-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401960110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.9.4.403","article-title":"Fertilisation in the rabbit","volume":"9","author":"Pincus G.","year":"1932","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(98)90067-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00274002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00666-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.26.2.164","article-title":"The fertilization reaction in the sea\u2010urchin egg","volume":"26","author":"Rothschild L.","year":"1949","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0454"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2011.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1050085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(199902)52:2<183::AID-MRD9>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1080300414"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.072527ss"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2244-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1996.270.5.C1354"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10348"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138537"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.136.5.1099"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.8483"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1542150"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90426-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402170311"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2017.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10346"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod58.6.1357"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(78)90056-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00662a005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Analysis of mammalian sperm\u2010egg membrane interactions during in vitro fertilization","volume":"341","author":"Wortzman G. B.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gam042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23168"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"The Physiology of Reproduction","author":"Yanagimachi R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401480303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302951"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1080320106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173469"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S096719940000215X"}],"container-title":["Molecular Reproduction and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmrd.23331","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrd.23331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T01:37:51Z","timestamp":1694050671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mrd.23331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mrd.23331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrd.23331","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-452X","1098-2795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-452X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}