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However, potential changes in mitochondrial fission and mitophagy via regulation of autophagy in early porcine embryonic development have not been previously studied. Here, we investigated embryonic developmental ability and quality of porcine embryos 2 days after in vitro fertilization and following treatment with 1 and 10\u2009nM rapamycin. As a results, 1\u2009nM rapamycin exposure significantly improved (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) blastocyst developmental competence compared to that in nontreated embryos (nontreated: 26.2\u2009\u00b1\u20095.7% vs. 1\u2009nM rapamycin: 35.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1%). We observed autophagic (LC3B) and mitochondrial fission protein expression (dynamin\u2010related protein\u20101 [DRP1] and pDRP1\u2010Ser616) at the cleavage stage of 1 and 10\u2009nM rapamycin\u2010treated porcine embryos, using Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. Interestingly, 1\u2009nM rapamycin treatment significantly improved autophagy formation, mitochondrial activation, and mitochondrial fission protein levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05; p\u2010DRP1 [Ser616]) at the cleavage stage of porcine embryos. Additionally, mitophagy was significantly increased in blastocysts treated with 1\u2009nM rapamycin. In conclusion, our results suggest that rapamycin promotes blastocyst development ability in porcine embryos through mitochondrial fission, activation, and mitophagy in in vitro culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T19:14:13Z","timestamp":1679426053000},"page":"236-247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Rapamycin encourages the maintenance of mitochondrial dynamic balance and mitophagy activity for improving developmental competence of blastocysts in porcine embryos in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Hyo\u2010Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering Daegu University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk South Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Infertility Daegu University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyeong\u2010Deok","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering Daegu University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk South Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Infertility Daegu University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seul\u2010Gi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering Daegu University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk South Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Infertility Daegu University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3287-2914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deog\u2010Bon","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering Daegu University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk South Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Infertility Daegu University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2017.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008813"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081867"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900073R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2015.16.3.373"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13816"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105379"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802473R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.suppl_2.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29872-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.097949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20170104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200903065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.087262"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"1706","article-title":"Melatonin 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