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Although the general architecture of MD\u2010derived organs is conserved, each organ possesses their unique epithelial structures and cell types to confer their region\u2010specific functions, which collectively coordinate successful fertilization and pregnancy. MD epithelial fate decisions and differentiation along the craniocaudal axis is dependent on spatiotemporal regulation of intrinsic transcription factors and extrinsic signals derived from the mesenchyme. Findings from genetic mouse models, single\u2010cell sequencing studies, and organoid cultures have significantly advanced our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of MD regionalization. In this review, we first discuss the diversity of epithelial morphologies and cell types in the female reproductive tract organs. Then, we discuss the roles of key transcription factors (<jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic>, transcriptional cascade driving multiciliogenesis, <jats:italic>Foxa2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>P63<\/jats:italic>), signaling pathways (estrogen\/ESR1, Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin, hedgehog, and retinoic acid), and epigenetic factors (microRNAs, chromatin remodeling factors, and histone modification enzymes) in region\u2010specific MD differentiation. Further deciphering molecular mechanisms of MD craniocaudal patterning will open new avenues to improve our strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of M\u00fcllerian anomalies and female reproductive tract disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.70018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T22:44:26Z","timestamp":1741733066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Decoding M\u00fcllerian Duct Epithelial Regionalization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin 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