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The mouse\n                    <jats:italic>Prss\/Tessp<\/jats:italic>\n                    locus encompassing six testis\u2010specific protease genes is a model of gene function and regulation in the testis. Here we investigated the expression and regulation of\n                    <jats:italic>PRSS<\/jats:italic>\n                    locus in primates, especially human. Unlike high expression of all six genes in mouse testis, one or two different\n                    <jats:italic>PRSS<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were predominantly expressed in six primate species. In human testis,\n                    <jats:italic>PRSS50<\/jats:italic>\n                    was a predominant gene, and the other five\n                    <jats:italic>PRSS<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were expressed at low levels. Interestingly, promoters of four lowly expressed\n                    <jats:italic>PRSS<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were marked with both histone H3K4 trimethylation and histone H3K27 trimethylation in human spermatocytes and spermatids, while their orthologous mouse genes were marked only with histone H3K4 trimethylation. Additionally, an ATAC\u2010seq peak in human testis exhibited silencer activity for\n                    <jats:italic>PRSS45<\/jats:italic>\n                    which is a lowly expressed gene in human but a predominant gene in chimpanzee. These results suggest that bivalent chromatins and an active silencer cooperatively function to achieve appropriate levels of expression for individual\n                    <jats:italic>PRSS<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes during human spermatogenesis. These findings provide mechanistic insights into gene regulation in human spermatogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.70091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:52:37Z","timestamp":1771321957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Bivalent Chromatin and a Potential Silencer for Differential Expression of\n                    <i>PRSS<\/i>\n                    Genes in the Human Testis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4553-5887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kouta","family":"Iijima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryuzaburo","family":"Shibayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-6277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chika","family":"Fujimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Division of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8984-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi P.","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Division of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 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