{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:11:50Z","timestamp":1779891110230,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014413","name":"Wy\u017csza Szko\u0142a Informatyki i Zarzadzania z siedziba w Rzeszowie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014413","name":"Wy\u017csza Szko\u0142a Informatyki i Zarzadzania z siedziba w Rzeszowie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["503\u201007\u201001\u201059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\u201007\u201001\u201059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Reproduction Devel"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tris\u20102,3\u2010dibromopropyl isocyanurate (TBC), a brominated flame retardant widely used in industrial applications, raises increasing concerns due to its potential reproductive toxicity. While the role of apoptosis in TBC\u2010induced cytotoxicity is partially understood, its effects on autophagy in reproductive cells remain underexplored. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the impact of TBC on autophagy\u2010related processes in GC\u20101 (spg) spermatogenic cell line as an in vitro model of testis\u2010derived cells. Our findings demonstrate that TBC significantly reduces cellular metabolic activity in a time\u2010dependent manner. Molecular analysis revealed an upregulation of PPAR\u03b3 gene expression, accompanied by a decrease in phosphorylated mTOR (p\u2010mTOR) levels and a concurrent increase in phosphorylated IRE1 (p\u2010IRE1), indicating activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways. Furthermore, TBC exposure was associated with modulation of autophagy\u2010related markers, suggesting a potential adaptive or compensatory cellular response to stress conditions. Cell cycle analysis showed arrest in the G0\/G1 phase, while ROS quantification indicated elevated reactive oxygen species production upon treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that TBC disrupts cell homeostasis through ER stress\u2010associated signaling, oxidative stress, and cell cycle regulation, which may contribute to its potential reproductive toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.70118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:16:01Z","timestamp":1779887761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tris(2,3\u2010dibromopropyl) Isocyanurate Modulates Oxidative Stress and Autophagy\u2010Related Pathways in Mouse GC\u20101 Spermatogenic Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5081-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Szlachcikowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow Rzeszow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7833-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Sk\u00f3ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow Rzeszow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4000-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Tab\u0119cka\u2010\u0141onczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow Rzeszow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS232214229"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/amj.2018.01.06"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M021485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2159-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.10.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford C. E. K. W.Jones andO. J.Miller et al.1959. \u201cThe Chromosomes in a Patient Showing Both Mongolism and the Klinefelter Syndrome.\u201dLancet273 no. 7075: 709\u2013710.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91891-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91891-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0602-4_21","volume-title":"Autophagy: Biology and Diseases","author":"Gao H.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2615-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"373","article-title":"Regulation of Steroidogenic Function of Mouse Leydig Cells: G\u2010Coupled Membrane Estrogen Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator\u2010Activated Receptor Partnership","volume":"69","author":"G\u00f3rowska\u2010W\u00f3jtowicz E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9110649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.852424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01398-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cptx.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2013-0015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121012426"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-6166-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0446"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.981701"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman A. 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