{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:17:38Z","timestamp":1790813858344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,28]],"date-time":"2002-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1014854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cerebral palsy is the most common neuromotor developmental disability of childhood, affecting as many as 8,000 to 12,000 children born in the U.S. each year (corresponding to a prevalence rate of between 2 and 3 per 1000 children). Recent improvements in neonatal care have not resulted in a decline in the overall prevalence of cerebral palsy and, in fact, greater numbers of very preterm\/very low birth weight infants are surviving with cerebral palsy and other developmental problems. Infection in pregnancy may be an important cause of the disorder. In preterm infants, there appears to be about a 2\u2010fold increased risk for cerebral palsy from chorioamnionitis, and in term infants the estimated increased risk is about 4\u2010fold. Provisionally, chorioamnionitis might account for 12% of spastic cerebral palsy in term infants and 28% of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Studies of biochemical markers of fetal inflammation typically associated with infection also suggest that an inflammatory response may be an important independent etiologic factor. If a substantial proportion of cerebral palsy is attributable to acute amnionitis infection and\/or neonatal sepsis, cerebral palsy should have decreased in the United States after administration of intrapartum antibiotics became widespread in response to publication of public health consensus guidelines for Group B streptococcus in 1996. However, failure to detect declines could have a number of explanations and these explanations illustrate the many public health challenges related to intrauterine infection and cerebral palsy. Given the gaps in our current knowledge about intrauterine infection and cerebral palsy, public health recommendations for timely and specific prevention activities are limited at this time. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:39\u201345. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T23:12:15Z","timestamp":1030317135000},"page":"39-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Public health issues related to infection in pregnancy and cerebral palsy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Diana E.","family":"Schendel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Schuchat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poul","family":"Thorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1993.tb11687.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1997.02170430046010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"980","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant","author":"Baker CJ","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.6.1094"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80161-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198606263142603"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of selected developmental disabilities in children 3\u201010 years of age: The Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program, 1991","volume":"45","author":"Boyle CA","year":"1996","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199708213370801"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"694","article-title":"Economic costs of birth defects and cerebral palsy \u2013 United States, 1992","volume":"44","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1995","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"Postnatal causes of developmental disabilities in children aged 3\u201010 years \u2013 Atlanta, Georgia, 1991","volume":"45","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1996","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: a public health perspective","volume":"45","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1996","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"538","article-title":"Gonorrhoea \u2013 United States, 1998","volume":"49","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"793","article-title":"Early\u2010onset group B streptococcal disease \u2013 United States, 1998\u20101999","volume":"49","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","article-title":"Economic Costs Associated with Mental Retardation, Cerebral Palsy, Hearing Impairment, and Vision Impairment","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.65.2.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81693-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199707000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200004000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"La list\u00e9riose de la femme enciente. Fr\u00e9quence et moyens de diagnostic","volume":"5","author":"Duval CL","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550030087041","article-title":"Amniotic fluid infection and cerebral palsy. Focus on the fetus","volume":"278","author":"Eschenbach DA","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70347-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70272-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1997)3:2<118::AID-MRDD3>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380140069024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70292-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550030047032"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(99)00454-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Infection\u2010related risk factors predictive of spontaneous preterm labor and birth","volume":"3","author":"Hauth JC","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prenat Neonat Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00376-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90493-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Preterm birth is associated with increased risk of maternal and neonatal infection","volume":"79","author":"Kyung S","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199911000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1991.tb10335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801153380307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90607-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Relationships of vaginal lactobacillus species, cervical chlamydia trachomatis and bacterial vaginosis to preterm birth","volume":"71","author":"Martius J","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510120064032"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92471-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1992.tb11479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03360110063025","article-title":"Predictors of low and very low birth weight and the relation of these to cerebral palsy","volume":"254","author":"Nelson KB","year":"1985","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1985.02140120077032"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","first-page":"S47","article-title":"Cytokine concentrations of neonatal blood of preterm children with cerebral palsy (CP)","volume":"182","author":"Nelson KB","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009458"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"367","article-title":"Early onset neonatal group B strep (EOGBS) infections: do risk factors effect long term outcome?","volume":"174","author":"Pearlman M","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"604","article-title":"Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. The epidemiology of group B streptococcal colonization in pregnancy","volume":"77","author":"Regan JA","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70684-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Developmental Disabilities in Infancy and Childhood","author":"Roizen NJ","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","first-page":"532","article-title":"Is genital colonization with Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum associated with prematurity \/ low birth weight","volume":"73","author":"Romero R","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70271-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199404000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001063420103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(96)01838-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Cerebral Palsies: Epidemiology and Causal Pathways","author":"Stanley F","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(00)00198-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70442-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70182-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(98)80030-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.2.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)57323-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.11.1417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","first-page":"367","article-title":"An analysis of the cost\u2010effectiveness of selected protocols for the prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal infection","volume":"83","author":"Yancey MK","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90028-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70585-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70432-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Intraamniotic inflammation and the development of cerebral palsy at three years of age","volume":"180","author":"Yoon BH","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Elevated amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase\u20108 and the subsequent development of cerebral palsy","volume":"184","author":"Yoon BH","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1990: report from a multistate active surveillance system","volume":"41","author":"Zangwill KM","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"}],"container-title":["Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmrdd.10011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrdd.10011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T11:55:50Z","timestamp":1700308550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mrdd.10011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mrdd.10011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrdd.10011","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-4013","1098-2779"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-4013","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2779","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}}}