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The \u201cInternational Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health\u201d (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2001) provides a classification of body function\/structure, activities, participation and the environment to document dimensions of human functioning in context. The ICF is of value in the study of secondary conditions in two ways: as a conceptual framework for defining impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions, and the mediating role of the environment in their expression; and as a taxonomy for coding these dimensions of disability. The ICF can yield a profile of a child's difficulties, and documentation of environmental barriers experienced by that child. Research studies with children and adolescents with spina bifida reveal that physical and mental impairments and limitations in performing activities and participating in communal life are experienced as secondary conditions. The significance of secondary conditions is that they are preventable. Identifying the mechanisms associated with their manifestation is thus an important priority for the development of effective prevention programs. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:198\u2013205. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,8]],"date-time":"2002-10-08T22:58:31Z","timestamp":1034117911000},"page":"198-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Secondary conditions in children with disabilities: spina bifida as a case example"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rune J.","family":"Simeonsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janey Sturtz","family":"McMillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail S.","family":"Huntington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(83)90036-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Child Care Health Dev","author":"American With Disabilities Act","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.1991.tb00689.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.15.12.480","article-title":"Myelodysplasia in childhood and adolescence","volume":"15","author":"Blum RW","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"280","article-title":"Family and peer issues among adolescents with spina bifida and cerebral palsy","volume":"88","author":"Blum RW","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"573","article-title":"Spinal cord injury rehabilitation. 5. 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