{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:43:53Z","timestamp":1791225833277,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,28]],"date-time":"2003-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":239,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The stability of a child's early life has profound effects on physical and mental health, and unstable parent\u2010child relationships, as well as abuse, can lead to behavioral disorders and increased mortality and morbidity from a wide variety of common diseases later in life. One common consequence, namely, depressive illness, is associated with chemical imbalances in the brain and hormonal dysregulation, constituting a form of allostatic load that alters interpretations of stimuli and influences, behavioral, and hormonal responses to potentially stressful situations. The brain not only encodes information and controls the behavioral responses but it is also changed structurally by those experiences. Structural changes in the hippocampus and amygdala, which are important brain structures for cognition and emotion, are representative of what may be occurring throughout the brain as a result of allostatic load resulting from the chronic stress of a disorder such as depression. Such structural changes include dendritic debranching and hypertrophy, cell proliferation, and synaptic remodeling; they are produced by the combined overactivity of stress hormones and endogenous neurotransmitters. These mediators are normally involved in adaptation, but can also promote damage when they are dysregulated and over\u2010active. They are very likely to be strongly biased by early life experiences. The findings from animal models thus provide a basis for understanding potential mechanisms of environmental and developmental determinants of individual differences in human stress reactivity, as well as anxiety, depression, and a host of related systemic disorders. There is an increasing amount of translational research that is beginning to tie the basic research to clinical outcomes of individuals exposed to abusive or inconsistent care\u2010giving in early life. A major goal of studies on this important topic is to define times in development and strategies for intervening to prevent or reverse the effects of adverse early life experiences. Although prevention is clearly the preferable route, some degree of reversal of psychopathology and pathophysiology caused by early life adversity appears to be an achievable goal. MRDD Research Reviews 2003;9:149\u2013154. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,2]],"date-time":"2003-09-02T19:27:48Z","timestamp":1062530868000},"page":"149-154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":344,"title":["Early life influences on life\u2010long patterns of behavior and health"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bruce S.","family":"McEwen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-12-04895.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb18351.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(93)90096-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)7:1<38::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.5.624"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00162-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520160041040","article-title":"Early intervention in low\u2010birth\u2010weight premature infants","volume":"272","author":"Brooks\u2010Gunn J","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.6.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(97)01214-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/371702a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51936.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072290"},{"issue":"571","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Effects of chronic unpredictable and immobilization stress on neuronal plasticity in the rat amygdala and hippocampus","volume":"26","author":"Chattarji S","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abs"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.113.5.902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.4.1619"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00835-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00044-X","article-title":"Developmental traumatology Part I: biological stress systems","volume":"45","author":"DeBellis MD","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psych"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90371-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/29542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386824a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-09-03628.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5324.330"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(84)90191-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"FrancisD MeaneyMJ.1999.Variations in maternal care form the basis for non\u2010genomic mechanism of inter\u2010generational transmission of individual differences in behavioral and endocrine responses to stress. 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