{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:07:08Z","timestamp":1790262428970,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1129766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Positron emission tomography (PET) is a technique that enables imaging of the distribution of radiolabeled tracers designed to track biochemical and molecular processes in the body after intravenous injection or inhalation. New strategies for the use of radiolabeled tracers hold potential for imaging gene expression in the brain during development and following interventions. In addition, PET may be key in identifying the physiological consequences of gene mutations associated with mental retardation. The development of high spatial resolution microPET scanners for imaging of rodents provides a means for longitudinal study of transgenic mouse models of genetic disorders associated with mental retardation. In this review, we describe PET methodology, illustrate how PET can be used to delineate biochemical changes during brain development, and provide examples of how PET has been applied to study brain glucose metabolism in Rett syndrome, serotonin synthesis in autism, and GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub> receptors in Angelman's syndrome and Prader\u2013Willi syndrome. Future application of PET scanning in the study of mental retardation might include measurements of brain protein synthesis in fragile X syndrome and tuberous sclerosis complex, two common conditions associated with mental retardation in which cellular mechanisms involve dysregulation of protein synthesis. Mental retardation results in life\u2010long disability, and application of new PET technologies holds promise for a better understanding of the biological underpinnings of mental retardation, with the potential to uncover new treatment options. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:325\u2013330.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T20:49:11Z","timestamp":1129841351000},"page":"325-330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Positron emission tomography methods with potential for increased understanding of mental retardation and developmental disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Senthil K.","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry T.","family":"Chugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane C.","family":"Chugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"The neurological examination of the infant","author":"Andre\u2010Thomas CY","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mibio.2004.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199904)45:4<541::AID-ANA21>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1128073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199903)45:3<287::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Human behavior and the developing brain","author":"Chugani HT","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Developmental neuroimaging: mapping the development of brain and behavior","author":"Chugani HT","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-95848-9_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3945811"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ejpn.2001.0538"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2004.1337948"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20042"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.5.9129423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"689","article-title":"Health hazards of radiation exposure in the context of brain imaging research: special consideration for children","volume":"39","author":"Ernst M","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90416-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(05)63001-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(82)90146-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1989.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(04)92003-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(20000315)59:6<699::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Positron emission tomography and autoradiography: principles and applications for the brain and heart","author":"Hoffman EJ","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200101)49:1<110::AID-ANA17>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"IwataR.2004. Reference Book for PET Radiopharmaceuticals.http:\/\/kakuyaku.cyric.tohoku.ac.jp\/indexe.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"1970","article-title":"Genetically engineered antibody fragments and PET imaging: a new era of radioimmunodiagnosis","volume":"44","author":"Jain M","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0992-37"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Current practice of clinical electroencephalography","author":"Kellaway P","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.74.3.F153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.2.5.446"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.4.329"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.11.2276"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.22.10218"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.10.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00970-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5401.496"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2003.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1047403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01677060109167380"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.1995.tb00330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","first-page":"S189","article-title":"Facile synthesis of L\u2010[1\u201011C] leucine as a PET radiotracer for the measurement of cerebral protein synthesis","volume":"48","author":"Mu F","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Labeled Compounds"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/MB:30:1:057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","series-title":"Biology and infancy","first-page":"95","author":"Parmelee AH","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410150736"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0093-05.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"723","article-title":"Uber ein eiggenatiges hirnatrophisches syndrome bei hyperammonamie in kindersalter","volume":"116","author":"Rett A","year":"1966","journal-title":"Wien Ned Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2004.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-10-02489.1984","article-title":"Stimulation of protein synthesis and glucose utilization in the hypoglossal nucleus induced by axotomy","volume":"4","author":"Smith CB","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.23.9341"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600066"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Applications of neuroreceptor imaging to psychiatry research","volume":"37","author":"Smith GS","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20443"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/2\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","first-page":"R549","article-title":"Rates of local cerebral protein synthesis in the rat during normal postnatal development","volume":"268","author":"Sun Y","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/11\/303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","first-page":"342","volume-title":"Principles of nuclear medicine","author":"Ter\u2010Pogossian MM","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5327.805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90397-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(02)00399-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","first-page":"330","article-title":"Localization of the gene encoding the GABAA receptor beta 3 subunit to the Angelman\/Prader\u2013Willi region of human chromosome 15","volume":"49","author":"Wagstaff J","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.219.2.r01ma19316"}],"container-title":["Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmrdd.20086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrdd.20086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T15:51:55Z","timestamp":1694533915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mrdd.20086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mrdd.20086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrdd.20086","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-4013","1098-2779"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-4013","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2779","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]]}}}