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The apparent filter yield was approximately 38%; filter strength was sufficient to reduce the singlet metabolite peaks in vivo to below the level of the noise. Metabolite\u2010nulled experiments were performed, which confirmed that significant overlap occurred between macromolecule signals and the GABA resonance at 3.1 ppm. Although the multiplet arm at 2.9 ppm was confirmed to be relatively free of contamination with macromolecules, some contribution from these and from peptides is likely to remain; therefore, the term GABA+ is used. GABA+ concentrations were estimated relative to creatine (Cr) at the same echo time (TE) in a group of controls, studied on two occasions. The GABA+ concentration in 35\u2010ml regions of interest (ROIs) in the occipital lobe was found to be 1.4 \u00b1 0.2 mM, with scan\u2010rescan repeatability of 38%. 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