{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:23:12Z","timestamp":1790356992460,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,3]],"date-time":"2002-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relaxivity and bioreduction rates of eight dendrimer\u2010linked nitroxides varying in the number of nitroxides per molecule were measured and the potential use of these compounds as MR contrast agents was demonstrated. The <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxivities, measured at room temperature and 1.5 T, varied linearly with the number of nitroxides per molecule for compounds with up to 16 nitroxides per molecule. Fourth\u2010generation polypropylenimide\u2010 (DAB) and third\u2010generation polyamidoamine\u2010 (PAMAM) dendrimer\u2010linked nitroxides were found to have greater relaxivity than gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd\u2010DTPA). The greater number of nitroxides per dendrimer increased relaxivity over that of a single nitroxide, allowing a decreased dose to achieve differential contrast with MR evaluations. Rates of nitroxide bioreduction were below detection threshold using EPR spectroscopy for generation 2 dendrimers and higher. A pilot assessment of in vivo cartilage uptake that compared intraarticular injection of three structurally different dendrimer\u2010linked nitroxides with Gd\u2010DTPA and with saline demonstrated high affinity of the DAB\u2010dendrimer\u2010linked nitroxides for normal rabbit articular cartilage. From these results, it is evident that target\u2010specific dendrimer\u2010linked nitroxides can be designed. Magn Reson Med 48:965\u2013972, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,4]],"date-time":"2002-12-04T14:16:43Z","timestamp":1039011403000},"page":"965-972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Magnetic resonance relaxivity of dendrimer\u2010linked nitroxides"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Carl S.","family":"Winalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya","family":"Shortkroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert V.","family":"Mulkern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald M.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Spin labeling in pharmacology","author":"Keana JFW","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198411000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(77)90049-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Nitroxides as potential contrast enhancing agents for MRI application: influence of structure on the rate of reduction by rat hepatocytes, whole liver homogenates, subcellular fractions, and ascorbate","volume":"3","author":"Keana JFW","year":"1987","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.147.3.6844613"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.141.5.1019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.163.1.3823443"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769509065256"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910370520"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Osteoarthritis clinical and experimental aspects","author":"Scott JC","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(79)90006-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. 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