{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T12:05:41Z","timestamp":1791115541714,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,6]],"date-time":"2006-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1139184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proton electron double resonance imaging (PEDRI) is an emerging technique that utilizes the Overhauser effect to enable in vivo and in vitro imaging of free radicals in biological systems. Nitroxide spin probes enable measurement of tissue redox state based on their reduction to diamagnetic hydroxylamines. PEDRI instrumentation at 0.02 T was applied to assess the ability to image the in vivo distribution, clearance, and metabolism of nitroxide radicals in living mice. Using phantoms of 2,2,5,5\u2010tetramethyl\u20103\u2010carboxylpyrrolidine\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010oxyl (PCA) in normal saline the dependence of the enhancement on RF power and spin probe concentration was determined. Enhancements of up to \u221223 were obtained in phantoms with 2 mM levels. Maximum enhancement of \u22127 was observed in vivo. Coronal images of nitroxide\u2010infused mice enabled visualization of the kinetics of spin probe uptake and clearance in different organs including the great vessels, heart, lungs, kidneys, and bladder with an in\u2010plane spatial resolution of 0.6 mm. PEDRI of living mice was also performed using 3\u2010carbamoyl\u2010proxyl and 2,2,6,6\u2010tetramethyl\u20104\u2010oxopiperidine\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010oxyl to compare the different rate of clearance and metabolism among different nitroxide probes. PCA, due to its intravascular compartmentalization, provided the sharpest contrast for the vascular system and highest enhancement values in the PEDRI images among the three nitroxides. 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