{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:44:03Z","timestamp":1791420243234,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,26]],"date-time":"2006-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>ATP metabolism is controlled mainly by ATP synthase (ATP<jats:sub>ase<\/jats:sub>) and creatine kinase (CK) reactions that regulate cerebral ATP production, transportation, and utilization. These coupled reactions constitute a chemical exchange metabolic network of PCr\u2194ATP\u2194Pi characterized by two forward and two reverse reaction fluxes, which can be studied noninvasively by in vivo <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P MRS combined with magnetization transfer (MT). However, it is still debated whether current MT approaches can precisely determine all of these fluxes. We developed and tested a modified in vivo <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P MT approach based on a multiple single\u2010site saturation (MSS) technique to study the entire PCr\u2194ATP\u2194Pi network in human occipital lobe at 7T. Our results reveal that 1) the MSS MT approach can explicitly determine all four reaction fluxes with a minimal number of <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P spectra; 2) the three\u2010spin exchange model accurately determines reverse reaction fluxes, resulting in equal forward and reverse fluxes for both CK and ATP<jats:sub>ase<\/jats:sub> reactions; and 3) the ATP synthesis rate (8.8 \u00b1 1.9 \u03bcmol\/g\/min, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 11) measured in the human brain reflects cerebral oxidative phosphorylation. The MSS MT approach should provide an important modality for noninvasively studying the essential roles of ATP metabolism in brain bioenergetics, function, and diseases. Magn Reson Med 57:103\u2013114, 2007. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,26]],"date-time":"2006-12-26T23:21:37Z","timestamp":1167175297000},"page":"103-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Efficient in vivo <sup>31<\/sup>P magnetization transfer approach for noninvasively determining multiple kinetic parameters and metabolic fluxes of ATP metabolism in the human brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Brain energy metabolism","author":"Siesjo BK","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200110000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0550530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000017471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(96)00011-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1734121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(82)80916-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)44036-1","article-title":"In vivo flux between phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate determined by two\u2010dimensional phosphorous NMR","volume":"258","author":"Balaban RS","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583500005266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","first-page":"IV94","article-title":"Magnetization transfer measurements of creatine kinase and ATPase rates in intact hearts","volume":"72","author":"Ugurbil K","year":"1985","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910050102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2364(92)90201-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38633-8","article-title":"Determination of creatine kinase kinetic parameters in rat brain by NMR magnetization transfer. 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