{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:31:28Z","timestamp":1787167888426,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypothalamic GABA signaling has been shown to regulate the hormonal response to hypoglycemia in animals. The hypothalamus is a challenging brain region for magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) due to its small size and central location. To investigate the feasibility of measuring GABA in the hypothalamus in humans, ultra\u2010high field MRS was used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GABA levels in the hypothalamus and occipital cortex (control region) were measured in healthy volunteers during euglycemia and hypoglycemia at 7 tesla using short\u2010echo STEAM (TE\u2009=\u20098 ms, TR\u2009=\u20095 s).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hypothalamic GABA levels were quantified with a mean within\u2010session test\u2013retest coefficient of variance of 9%. Relatively high GABA levels were observed in the hypothalamus compared with other brain regions. Hypothalamic GABA levels were 3.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3 \u00b5mol\/g during euglycemia (glucose 89\u2009\u00b1\u20096 mg\/dL) vs. 3.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 \u00b5mol\/g during hypoglycemia (glucose 61\u2009\u00b1\u20093 mg\/dL) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.06,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097). In the occipital cortex, GABA levels remained constant at 1.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 vs.1.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3 \u00b5mol\/g (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.3,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095) as glucose fell from 91\u2009\u00b1\u20094 to 61\u2009\u00b1\u20094 mg\/dL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GABA concentration can be quantified in the human hypothalamus and shows a trend toward decrease in response to an acute fall in blood glucose. These methods can be used to further investigate role of GABA signaling in the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in humans.\n                      <jats:bold>Magn Reson Med 71:12\u201318, 2014. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T17:02:35Z","timestamp":1361293355000},"page":"12-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Initial experience with seven tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hypothalamic\n                    <scp>GABA<\/scp>\n                    during hyperinsulinemic euglycemia and hypoglycemia in healthy humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Moheet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U. 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