{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:09:51Z","timestamp":1773011391153,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]],"date-time":"2013-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-HL105210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL105210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the feasibility of real\u2010time 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with simultaneous recording of physiological signals for identifying sites of airway obstruction during natural sleep in pediatric patients with sleep\u2010disordered breathing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experiments were performed using a three\u2010dimensional Fourier transformation (3DFT) gradient echo sequence with prospective undersampling based on golden\u2010angle radial spokes, and L1\u2010norm regularized iterative self\u2010consistent parallel imaging (L1\u2010SPIRiT) reconstruction. This technique was demonstrated in three healthy adult volunteers and five pediatric patients with sleep\u2010disordered breathing. External airway occlusion was used to induce partial collapse of the upper airway on inspiration and test the effectiveness of the proposed imaging method. Apneic events were identified using information available from synchronized recording of mask pressure and respiratory effort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acceptable image quality was obtained in seven of eight subjects. Temporary airway collapse induced via inspiratory loading was successfully imaged in all three volunteers, with average airway volume reductions of 63.3%, 52.5%, and 33.7%. Central apneic events and associated airway narrowing\/closure were identified in two pediatric patients. During central apneic events, airway obstruction was observed in the retropalatal region in one pediatric patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Real\u2010time 3D MRI of the pharyngeal airway with synchronized recording of physiological signals is feasible and may provide valuable information about the sites and nature of airway narrowing\/collapse during natural sleep. <jats:bold>Magn Reson Med 71:1501\u20131510, 2014. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]],"date-time":"2013-06-20T13:10:46Z","timestamp":1371733846000},"page":"1501-1510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Real\u2010time 3D magnetic resonance imaging of the pharyngeal airway in sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Yoon\u2010Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. 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