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The present work establishes how much of an improvement these so\u2010called \u201cPSIF\u2010FISP\u201d sequences may bring in various organs and tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simulations and TNR calculations were validated against analytical equations, phantom, abdomen, and brain scans. Relative TNRs for PSIF\u2010FISP, as compared to a dual\u2010FISP reference standard, were calculated for flip angle (FA)\u2009=\u20091 to 85\u2009\u00ba and repetition time (TR)\u2009=\u20096 to 60 ms, for gray matter, white matter, cervix, endometrium, myometrium, prostate, kidney medulla and cortex, bone marrow, pancreas, spleen, muscle, and liver tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PSIF\u2010FISP was TNR superior in the kidney, pelvis, spleen, or gray matter at most tested TR and FA settings, and benefits increased at shorter TRs. PSIF\u2010FISP was TNR superior in other tissues, e.g., liver, muscle, pancreas, for only short TR settings (20 ms or less). The TNR benefits of PSIF\u2010FISP increased slightly with FA, and strongly with decreasing TR. Up to two\u2010 to three\u2010fold reductions in TR with 20% TNR gains were achievable. In any given tissue, TNR performance is expected to further improve with heating, due to changes in relaxation rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dual\u2010pathway PSIF\u2010FISP can improve TNR and acquisition speed over standard gradient\u2010recalled echo sequences, but optimal acquisition parameters are tissue dependent. Magn Reson Med 77:1193\u20131200, 2017. \u00a9 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,12]],"date-time":"2016-03-12T07:31:48Z","timestamp":1457767908000},"page":"1193-1200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dual\u2010Pathway sequences for MR thermometry: When and where to use them"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Pelin Aksit","family":"Ciris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Akdeniz University Antalya Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u2010Chieh","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang\u2010Sheng","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Soochow University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence P.","family":"Panych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Madore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.168.1.3380968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910330111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340606"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910400316"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730500096073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22844"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","article-title":"Optimization of dual\u2010pathway unbalanced steady\u2010state sequences for robust temperature imaging","author":"Panych LP","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of ISMRM"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910070105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","article-title":"Simultaneous frequency and T2 mapping, applied to thermometry and to susceptibility\u2010weighted imaging","author":"Cheng C\u2010C","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of ISMRM"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910060206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2364(89)90083-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340618"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2303021331"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2015.16.4.827"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","article-title":"Simultaneous relaxometry and susceptibility imaging in the brain","author":"Cheng C\u2010C","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of ISMRM"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2586(199904)9:4<531::AID-JMRI4>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"M\u00e4dlerB HarrisT MacKayAL.3D\u2010relaxometry \u2010 quantitative T1 and T2 brain mapping at 3T. 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