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The authors acknowledge a Wellcome Trust Core Award (grant number 090532\/Z\/09\/Z) and the European Research Council Advanced Grant (CardioNECT). V.G. and P.K. are supported by BHF New Horizon Grant NH\/13\/30238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 GM094503. J.E.S. and P.K. are BHF Senior Basic Science Research Fellows (grant numbers FS\/11\/50\/29038 and FS\/12\/17\/29532). The authors acknowledge a Wellcome Trust Core Award (grant number 090532\/Z\/09\/Z) and the European Research Council Advanced Grant (CardioNECT). V.G. and P.K. are supported by BHF New Horizon Grant NH\/13\/30238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diffusion tensor model assumes Gaussian diffusion and is widely applied in cardiac diffusion MRI. However, diffusion in biological tissue deviates from a Gaussian profile as a result of hindrance and restriction from cell and tissue microstructure, and may be quantified better by non\u2010Gaussian modeling. The aim of this study was to investigate non\u2010Gaussian diffusion in healthy and hypertrophic hearts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen rat hearts (five healthy, four sham, four hypertrophic) were imaged ex vivo. Diffusion\u2010weighted images were acquired at b\u2010values up to 10,000 s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Models of diffusion were fit to the data and ranked based on the Akaike information criterion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diffusion tensor was ranked best at b\u2010values up to 2000 s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> but reflected the signal poorly in the high b\u2010value regime, in which the best model was a non\u2010Gaussian \u201cbeta distribution\u201d model. Although there was considerable overlap in apparent diffusivities between the healthy, sham, and hypertrophic hearts, diffusion kurtosis and skewness in the hypertrophic hearts were more than 20% higher in the sheetlet and sheetlet\u2010normal directions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010Gaussian diffusion models have a higher sensitivity for the detection of hypertrophy compared with the Gaussian model. In particular, diffusion kurtosis may serve as a useful biomarker for characterization of disease and remodeling in the heart. Magn Reson Med 78:1174\u20131186, 2017. \u00a9 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]],"date-time":"2016-09-27T03:51:55Z","timestamp":1474948315000},"page":"1174-1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Evaluation of non\u2010Gaussian diffusion in cardiac MRI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Darryl","family":"McClymont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irvin","family":"Teh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United 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