{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:15:32Z","timestamp":1773188132613,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resting\u2010state functional MRI (rs\u2010fMRI) has been used to investigate networks within the cortex, but its use in the brainstem (BS) and spinal cord (SC) has been limited. This region presents challenges for fMRI, partly because of sources of physiological noise. This study aims to quantify noise contributions to rs\u2010fMRI, and to obtain evidence of resting\u2010state blood oxygenation level\u2013dependent (BOLD) fluctuations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resting\u2010state\u2010fMRI data were obtained from the BS\/SC in 16 participants, at 3 Tesla, with T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted single\u2010shot fast spin\u2010echo imaging. The peripheral pulse, respiration, and expired CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were recorded continuously. Physiological noise was modeled from these recordings, movement parameters, and white matter regions. Model fits were then subtracted from the data. BOLD contributions were then investigated through connectivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bulk motion was the largest contributor to the signal variance (19% of the total), followed by cardiac\u2010related motion (14%), nonspecific signal variations detected in white matter (10%), respiratory\u2010related motion (2.6%), and end\u2010tidal CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> variations (0.7%). After noise was removed, significant left\u2010right connectivity was detected in the SC dorsal horns and ventral horns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resting\u2010state BOLD fluctuations are demonstrated in the SC, as are the dominant noise contributions. These findings are an essential step toward establishing rs\u2010fMRI in the BS\/SC. 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