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With tumors established, perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion was injected intravenously, which labels in situ predominantly monocytes and macrophages. Longitudinal spin density\u2013weighted\n                      <jats:sup>19<\/jats:sup>\n                      F MRI data enabled quantification of the macrophage burden in tumor and surrounding tissue.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The average number of\n                      <jats:sup>19<\/jats:sup>\n                      F atoms within the tumors was twice as high in the Cal27 group compared with SCC4 (3.9\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>19<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 2.0\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>19<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:sup>19<\/jats:sup>\n                      F\/tumor, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0034) two days after contrast injection, signifying increased tumor\u2010associated macrophages in double\u2010hit tumors. The difference was still significant 10 days after injection. Histology stains correlated with in vivo results, exhibiting numerous perfluorocarbon\u2010labeled macrophages in double\u2010hit tumors and to a lesser extent in single\u2010hit tumors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study helps to establish\n                      <jats:sup>19<\/jats:sup>\n                      F MRI as a method for quantifying immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, allowing distinction between double and single\u2010hit head and neck tumors. This technique would be extremely valuable in the clinic for pretreatment planning, prognostics, and post\u2010treatment surveillance. Magn Reson Med 79:1972\u20131980, 2018. \u00a9 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T23:42:43Z","timestamp":1501112563000},"page":"1972-1980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Visualization of macrophage recruitment in head and neck carcinoma model using fluorine\u201019 magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Aman","family":"Khurana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California San Diego La Jolla, California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Chapelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California San Diego 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